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World Drug Report 2023

For the first time since its conception, this year the World Drug Report consists of two products, a web-based element and a set of booklets. The latest global, regional and subregional estimates of and trends in drug demand and supply are presented in a user-friendly, interactive  online segment . While  Special points of interest  include key takeaways and policy implications,  booklet 1  takes the form of an executive summary based on analysis of the  key findings of the online segment  and the  thematic booklet 2  and the conclusions that can be drawn from them. In addition to providing an in-depth analysis of key developments and emerging trends in selected drug markets, including in countries currently experiencing conflict, booklet 2 focuses on a number of other contemporary issues related to drugs. 

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European Drug Report 2023: Trends and Developments

The  European Drug Report 2023: Trends and Developments  presents the EMCDDA’s latest analysis of the drug situation in Europe. Focusing on illicit drug use, related harms and drug supply, the report contains a comprehensive set of national data across these themes and key harm reduction interventions.

• Introductory note

This report is based on information provided to the EMCDDA by the EU Member States, the candidate country Türkiye, and Norway, in an annual reporting process.

The purpose of the current report is to provide an overview and summary of the European drug situation up to the end of 2022. All grouping, aggregates and labels therefore reflect the situation based on the available data in 2022 in respect to the composition of the European Union and the countries participating in EMCDDA reporting exercises. However, not all data will cover the full period. Due to the time needed to compile and submit data, many of the annual national data sets included here are from the reference year January to December 2021. Analysis of trends is based only on those countries providing sufficient data to describe changes over the period specified. The reader should also be aware that monitoring patterns and trends in a hidden and stigmatised behaviour like drug use is both practically and methodologically challenging. For this reason, multiple sources of data are used for the purposes of analysis in this report. Although considerable improvements can be noted, both nationally and in respect to what is possible to achieve in a European level analysis, the methodological difficulties in this area must be acknowledged. Caution is therefore required in interpretation, in particular when countries are compared on any single measure. Caveats relating to the data are to be found in the online Statistical Bulletin, which contains detailed information on methodology, qualifications on analysis and comments on the limitations in the information set available. Information is also available there on the methods and data used for European level estimates, where interpolation may be used.

• The drug situation in Europe up to 2023

This page draws on the latest data available to provide an overview of the current situation and emerging drug issues affecting Europe, with a focus on the year up to the end of 2022. The analysis presented here highlights some developments that may have important implications for drug policy and practitioners in Europe. The drug situation in Europe up to 2023

• Drug supply, production and precursors

An analysis of the supply-related indicators available on the commonly used illicit drugs in the European Union suggests that availability remains high across all substance types. On this page, you can find an overview of drug supply in Europe based on the latest data, supported by the latest time trends in drug seizures and drug law offences, together with 2021 data on drug production and precursor seizures. Drug supply, production and precursors – the current situation in Europe

Cannabis remains by far the most commonly consumed illicit drug in Europe. On this page, you can find the latest analysis of the drug situation for cannabis in Europe, including prevalence of use, treatment demand, seizures, price and purity, harms and more.  Cannabis – the current situation in Europe

Cocaine is, after cannabis, the second most commonly used illicit drug in Europe, although prevalence levels and patterns of use differ considerably between countries. On this page, you can find the latest analysis of the drug situation for cocaine in Europe, including prevalence of use, treatment demand, seizures, price and purity, harms and more. Cocaine – the current situation in Europe

• Synthetic stimulants

Amphetamine, methamphetamine and, more recently, synthetic cathinones are all synthetic central nervous system stimulants available on the drug market in Europe. On this page, you can find the latest analysis of the drug situation for synthetic stimulants in Europe, including prevalence of use, treatment demand, seizures, price and purity, harms and more Synthetic stimulants – the current situation in Europe

MDMA is a synthetic drug chemically related to the amphetamines, but with somewhat different effects. In Europe, MDMA use has generally been associated with episodic patterns of consumption in the context of nightlife and entertainment settings. On this page, you can find the latest analysis of the drug situation for MDMA in Europe, including prevalence of use, seizures, price and purity and more.  MDMA – the current situation in Europe

• Heroin and other opioids

Heroin remains Europe’s most commonly used illicit opioid and is also the drug responsible for a large share of the health burden attributed to illicit drug consumption. Europe’s opioid problem, however, has evolved over the last decade in ways that have important implications for how we respond to problems in this area. On this page, you can find the latest analysis of the drug situation for heroin and other opioids in Europe, including prevalence of use, treatment demand, seizures, price and purity, harms and more.  Heroin and other opioids – the current situation in Europe

• New psychoactive substances

The market for new psychoactive substances is characterised by the large number of substances that have appeared in this area and that new compounds continue to be detected each year. On this page, you can find an overview of the drug situation for new psychoactive substances in Europe, supported by seizure data and information from the EU Early Warning System on substances detected for the first time in Europe. New substances mentioned include synthetic cannabinoids, hexahydrocannabinol, synthetic cathinones, new synthetic opioids, benzimidazole opioids.  New psychoactive substances – the current situation in Europe

• Other drugs

Alongside the more well-known substances available on illicit drugs markets, a number of other substances with hallucinogenic, anaesthetic, dissociative or depressant properties are used in Europe: these include LSD, hallucinogenic mushrooms, ketamine, GHB and nitrous oxide. On this page, you can find the latest analysis of the situation regarding these substances in Europe, including seizures, prevalence and patterns of use, treatment entry, harms and more. Other drugs – the current situation in Europe

• Injecting drug use

Despite a continued decline in injecting drug use over the past decade in Europe, this behaviour is still responsible for a disproportionate level of health harms. On this page, you can find the latest analysis of injecting drug use in Europe, including key data on prevalence at national level and among clients entering specialised treatment, as well as insights from studies on syringe residue analysis and more. Injecting drug use – the current situation in Europe

People who inject drugs are at risk of contracting infections through the sharing of drug use paraphernalia. On this page, you can find the latest analysis of drug-related infectious diseases in Europe, including key data on infections with HIV and hepatitis B and C viruses. Drug-related infectious diseases – the current situation in Europe

Drug-induced deaths are those that are directly attributable to the use of drugs. On this page, you can find the latest analysis of drug-induced deaths in Europe, including key data on overdose deaths, substances implicated and more.  Drug-induced deaths – the current situation in Europe

• Opioid agonist treatment

Opioid users represent the largest group undergoing specialised drug treatment, mainly in the form of opioid agonist treatment. On this page, you can find the latest analysis of the provision of opioid agonist treatment in Europe, including key data on coverage, the number of people in treatment, pathways to treatment and more. Opioid agonist treatment – the current situation in Europe

Harm reduction encompasses interventions, programmes and policies that seek to reduce the health, social and economic harms of drug use to individuals, communities and societies. On this page, you can find the latest analysis of harm reduction interventions in Europe, including key data on opioid agonist treatment, naloxone programmes, drug consumption rooms and more.  Harm reduction – the current situation in Europe

• Data visualisations

A selection of data visualisations from the report can be found below.

• Annex tables

These tables, produced specifically for the European Drug Report, provide national data for estimates of drug use prevalence including problem opioid use, substitution treatment, total number in treatment, treatment entry, injecting drug use, drug-induced deaths, drug-related infectious diseases, syringe distribution and seizures. The data are drawn from and are a subset of the EMCDDA Statistical Bulletin 2022, where notes and meta-data are available. The years to which data refer are indicated. In addition, for some indicators, these data tables also provide total values for EU as well as for EMCDDA reporting countries, 'EU+2' (EU Member States, Türkiye and Norway).

European Drug Report 2023 annex tables  

• Source data for graphics

All source data used in the report for data visualisations may be accessed using the links below. 

• Source data for Cannabis – the current situation in Europe (European Drug Report 2023)
• Source data for Drug-related infectious diseases – the current situation in Europe (European Drug Report 2023)
• Source data for Cocaine – the current situation in Europe (European Drug Report 2023)
• Source data for Drug supply, production and precursors – the current situation in Europe (European Drug Report 2023)
• Source data for Drug-induced deaths in Europe – the current situation in Europe (European Drug Report 2023)
• Source data for Harm reduction – the current situation in Europe (European Drug Report 2023)
• Source data for Heroin and other opioids – the current situation in Europe (European Drug Report 2023)
• Source data for Injecting drug use in Europe – the current situation in Europe (European Drug Report 2023)
• Source data for MDMA – the current situation in Europe (European Drug Report 2023)
• Source data for Opioid agonist treatment – the current situation in Europe (European Drug Report 2023)
• Source data for Synthetic stimulants– the current situation in Europe (European Drug Report 2023)
• Acknowledgements

The EMCDDA would like to thank the following for their help in producing this report:

• the heads of the Reitox national focal points and their staff;
• the Early Warning System correspondents of the Reitox national focal points and experts from their national early warning system network;
• the services and experts within each Member State that collected the raw data for this report;
• the members of the Management Board and the Scientific Committee of the EMCDDA;
• the European Parliament , the Council of the European Union — in particular its Horizontal Working Party on Drugs — and the European Commission;
• the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) , the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and Europol ;
• the Pompidou Group of the Council of Europe , the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) , the WHO Regional Office for Europe , Interpol , the World Customs Organisation (WCO) , the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) , the Sewage Analysis Core Group Europe (SCORE), the European Drug Emergencies Network (Euro-DEN Plus) , the European Syringe Collection and Analysis Project Enterprise (ESCAPE) network , the European Network of Drug Consumption Rooms (ENDCR) and the Trans-European Drug Information network (TEDI).

Reitox is the European information network on drugs and drug addiction. The network is comprised of national focal points in the EU Member States, the candidate country Türkiye, Norway and at the European Commission. Under the responsibility of their governments, the focal points are the national authorities providing drug information to the EMCDDA.

• About this page 

Recommended citation:  European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2023), European Drug Report 2023: Trends and Developments , https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/european-drug-report/2023_en

Identifiers :

HTML: TD-AT-23-001-EN-Q ISBN: 978-92-9497-865-3 DOI: 10.2810/161905

• drug situation
• availability
• best practice
• drug markets
• harm reduction
• MDMA/ecstasy
• methamphetamine
• OAT (opioid agonist treatment)
• prevalence and patterns of drug use
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• policymaker
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Unodc world drug report 2022, attachments.

UNODC World Drug Report 2022 highlights trends on cannabis post-legalization, environmental impacts of illicit drugs, and drug use among women and youth

Vienna, 27 June 2022

Cannabis legalization in parts of the world appears to have accelerated daily use and related health impacts, according to the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)’s World Drug Report 2022. Released today, the report also details record rises in the manufacturing of cocaine, the expansion of synthetic drugs to new markets, and continued gaps in the availability of drug treatments, especially for women.  

According to the report, around 284 million people aged 15-64 used drugs worldwide in 2020, a 26 per cent increase over the previous decade. Young people are using more drugs, with use levels today in many countries higher than with the previous generation. In Africa and Latin America, people under 35 represent the majority of people being treated for drug use disorders.

Globally, the report estimates that 11.2 million people worldwide were injecting drugs. Around half of this number were living with hepatitis C, 1.4 million were living with HIV, and 1.2 million were living with both.

Reacting to these findings, UNODC Executive Director Ghada Waly stated: “Numbers for the manufacturing and seizures of many illicit drugs are hitting record highs, even as global emergencies are deepening vulnerabilities. At the same time, misperceptions regarding the magnitude of the problem and the associated harms are depriving people of care and treatment and driving young people towards harmful behaviours. We need to devote the necessary resources and attention to addressing every aspect of the world drug problem, including the provision of evidence-based care to all who need it, and we need to improve the knowledge base on how illicit drugs relate to other urgent challenges, such as conflicts and environmental degradation.”

The report further emphasizes the importance of galvanizing the international community, governments, civil society and all stakeholders to take urgent action to protect people, including by strengthening drug use prevention and treatment and by tackling illicit drug supply.

Early indications and effects of cannabis legalization

Cannabis legalization in North America appears to have increased daily cannabis use, especially potent cannabis products and particularly among young adults. Associated increases in people with psychiatric disorders, suicides and hospitalizations have also been reported. Legalization has also increased tax revenues and generally reduced arrest rates for cannabis possession.

Continued growth in drug production and trafficking

Cocaine manufacture was at a record high in 2020, growing 11 per cent from 2019 to 1,982 tons. Cocaine seizures also increased, despite the Covid-19 pandemic, to a record 1,424 tons in 2020. Nearly 90 per cent of cocaine seized globally in 2021 was trafficked in containers and/or by sea. Seizure data suggest that cocaine trafficking is expanding to other regions outside the main markets of North America and Europe, with increased levels of trafficking to Africa and Asia.

Trafficking of methamphetamine continues to expand geographically, with 117 countries reporting seizures of methamphetamine in 2016‒2020 versus 84 in 2006‒2010. Meanwhile, the quantities of methamphetamine seized grew five-fold between 2010 and 2020.

Opium production worldwide grew seven per cent between 2020 and 2021 to 7,930 tons – predominantly due to an increase in production in Afghanistan. However, the global area under opium poppy cultivation fell by 16 per cent to 246,800 ha in the same period.

Key drug trends broken down by region

In many countries in Africa and South and Central America, the largest proportion of people in treatment for drug use disorders are there primarily for cannabis use disorders. In Eastern and South-Eastern Europe and in Central Asia, people are most often in treatment for opioid use disorders.

In the United States and Canada, overdose deaths, predominantly driven by an epidemic of the non-medical use of fentanyl, continue to break records. Preliminary estimates in the United States point to more than 107,000 drug overdose deaths in 2021, up from nearly 92,000 in 2020.

In the two largest markets for methamphetamine, seizures have been increasing – they rose by seven per cent in North America from the previous year, while in South-East Asia they increased by 30 per cent from the previous year, record highs in both regions. A record high was also reported for methamphetamine seizures reported from South-West Asia, increasing by 50 per cent in 2020 from 2019.

Great inequality remains in the availability of pharmaceutical opioids for medical consumption. In 2020, there were 7,500 more doses per 1 million inhabitants of controlled pain medication in North America than in West and Central Africa.

Conflict zones as magnets for synthetic drug production

This year’s report also highlights that illicit drug economies can flourish in situations of conflict and where the rule of law is weak, and in turn can prolong or fuel conflict.

Information from the Middle East and South-East Asia suggest that conflict situations can act as a magnet for the manufacture of synthetic drugs, which can be produced anywhere. This effect may be greater when the conflict area is close to large consumer markets.

Historically, parties to conflict have used drugs to finance conflict and generate income. The 2022 World Drug Report also reveals that conflicts may also disrupt and shift drug trafficking routes, as has happened in the Balkans and more recently in Ukraine.

A possible growing capacity to manufacture amphetamine in Ukraine if the conflict persists

There was a significant increase in the number of reported clandestine laboratories in Ukraine, skyrocketing from 17 dismantled laboratories in 2019 to 79 in 2020. 67 out of these laboratories were producing amphetamines, up from five in 2019 – the highest number of dismantled laboratories reported in any given country in 2020.

The environmental impacts of drug markets

Illicit drug markets, according to the 2022 World Drug Report, can have local, community or individual-level impacts on the environment. Key findings include that the carbon footprint of indoor cannabis is between 16 and 100 times more than outdoor cannabis on average and that the footprint of 1 kilogram of cocaine is 30 times greater than that of cocoa beans.

Other environmental impacts include substantial deforestation associated with illicit coca cultivation, waste generated during synthetic drug manufacture that can be 5-30 times the volume of the end product, and the dumping of waste which can affecting soil, water and air directly, as well as organisms, animals and the food chain indirectly.

Ongoing gender treatment gap and disparities in drug use and treatment

Women remain in the minority of drug users globally yet tend to increase their rate of drug consumption and progress to drug use disorders more rapidly than men do. Women now represent an estimated 45-49 per cent of users of amphetamines and non-medical users of pharmaceutical stimulants, pharmaceutical opioids, sedatives, and tranquilizers.

The treatment gap remains large for women globally. Although women represent almost one in two amphetamines users, they constitute only one in five people in treatment for amphetamine use disorders.

The World Drug Report 2022 also spotlights the wide range of roles fulfilled by women in the global cocaine economy, including cultivating coca, transporting small quantities of drugs, selling to consumers, and smuggling into prisons.

The 2022 World Drug Report provides a global overview of the supply and demand of opiates, cocaine, cannabis, amphetamine-type stimulants and new psychoactive substances (NPS), as well as their impact on health.

For further information, please visit:

World Drug Report 2022 homepage

**For further information and interview requests, please contact:

Brian Hansford Chief, UNODC Advocacy Section Mobile: (+43-699) 1458-3225 Email: brian.hansford[at]un.org

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World Drug Report

UN drug report shines light on cannabis, cocaine and methamphetamine trends

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Legalized cannabis use in some countries and states appears to have accelerated daily use and related health impacts, the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) revealed in a new report released on Monday.

COVID pandemic fuelling major increase in drug use worldwide: UN report

Around 275 million people used drugs worldwide in the last year of unprecedented upheaval caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, up by 22 per cent from 2010. That’s among the key findings of the latest annual report released  on Thursday  by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), which also provides an overview of global drug markets, as well as their impact on people’s health and livelihoods.

COVID-19’s far reaching impact on global drug abuse

More than 35 million people around the world now suffer from drug addiction, according to the latest annual report on the scourge, from the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) released on Thursday, which also analyzes the far-reaching impact of the coronavirus pandemic on global drug markets.

Cannabis use on the rise worldwide

Cannabis use is increasing worldwide and evidence shows that what’s available on the market is now more potent than ever before.

That’s according to the UN Office on Drugs and Crime ( UNODC) which on Friday is releasing its 2015 World Drug Report.

The study also finds that drug use in prison is much higher than in the general population, with heroin use 14 times more prevalent.

Stephanie Coutrix spoke with Angela Me from UNODC’s office in Vienna and began by asking her about the drug situation in prisons.

World Drug Report 2023

This annual report by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) provides an overview of global drug demand and supply of drugs; current trends in the supply, use, and health consequences of drugs; trends in the market and supply of opioids; trends of stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines; and trends in the use of cannabis and other hallucinogenic substances. This year’s report focuses on the growing complexity of contemporary drug issues, and includes a special chapter focused on drug trafficking and how it intersects with environmental crimes and instability in the Amazon Basin. The report also includes sections on substance use disorders in humanitarian settings and drug service innovations implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The report is accompanied by a statistical annex , data portal , summary of key takeaways , and interactive data visualization depicting trends in drug supply and demand from the 2023 report.

World Drug Report 2023. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 2023. https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/world-drug-report-2023.html .

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