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😕 What is an MLA Citation Generator?

An MLA citation generator is a software tool designed to automatically create academic citations in the Modern Language Association (MLA) citation format. The generator will take information such as document titles, author, and URLs as in input, and output fully formatted citations that can be inserted into the Works Cited page of an MLA-compliant academic paper.

The citations on a Works Cited page show the external sources that were used to write the main body of the academic paper, either directly as references and quotes, or indirectly as ideas.

👩‍🎓 Who uses an MLA Citation Generator?

MLA style is most often used by middle school and high school students in preparation for transition to college and further education. Ironically, MLA style is not actually used all that often beyond middle and high school, with APA (American Psychological Association) style being the favored style at colleges across the country.

It is also important at this level to learn why it's critical to cite sources, not just how to cite them.

🙌 Why should I use a Citation Generator?

Writing citations manually is time consuming and error prone. Automating this process with a citation generator is easy, straightforward, and gives accurate results. It's also easier to keep citations organized and in the correct order.

The Works Cited page contributes to the overall grade of a paper, so it is important to produce accurately formatted citations that follow the guidelines in the official MLA Handbook .

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's MLA Citation Generator?

It's super easy to create MLA style citations with our MLA Citation Generator. Scroll back up to the generator at the top of the page and select the type of source you're citing. Books, journal articles, and webpages are all examples of the types of sources our generator can cite automatically. Then either search for the source, or enter the details manually in the citation form.

The generator will produce a formatted MLA citation that can be copied and pasted directly into your document, or saved to MyBib as part of your overall Works Cited page (which can be downloaded fully later!).

MyBib supports the following for MLA style:

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Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

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Cite a Digital File in MLA

- powered by chegg, don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper, consider your source's credibility. ask these questions:, contributor/author.

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  • Does the author or the organization have a bias? Does bias make sense in relation to your argument?
  • Is the purpose of the content to inform, entertain, or to spread an agenda? Is there commercial intent?
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  • When was the source published or updated? Is there a date shown?
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  • Was it reproduced? If so, from where?
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Introduction.

EasyBib  is a  free  online citation & bibliography generator. The free version provides tools for creating bibliographies using the MLA citation style. A paid subscription is required to generate citations in the  APA  and  Chicago/Turabian  format. EasyBib also includes resources for note-taking and research.

EasyBib Citation Guides

EasyBib provides citation guides for APA, Chicago/Turabian, and MLA citation formats.

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Proofread Bibliographies

Please note that bibliographies created using  EasyBib  may not be perfectly formatted. It is imperative that you proofread your bibliography and correct any errors or omissions. Review the resources on the  Consult   Citation Style Resources   page for help with various citation style rules.

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Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

MLA Formatting and Style Guide

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Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (9 th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.

The following overview should help you better understand how to cite sources using MLA  9 th edition, including how to format the Works Cited page and in-text citations.

Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in MLA. See also our MLA vidcast series on the Purdue OWL YouTube Channel .

Creating a Works Cited list using the ninth edition

MLA is a style of documentation that may be applied to many different types of writing. Since texts have become increasingly digital, and the same document may often be found in several different sources, following a set of rigid rules no longer suffices.

Thus, the current system is based on a few guiding principles, rather than an extensive list of specific rules. While the handbook still describes how to cite sources, it is organized according to the process of documentation, rather than by the sources themselves. This gives writers a flexible method that is near-universally applicable.

Once you are familiar with the method, you can use it to document any type of source, for any type of paper, in any field.

Here is an overview of the process:

When deciding how to cite your source, start by consulting the list of core elements. These are the general pieces of information that MLA suggests including in each Works Cited entry. In your citation, the elements should be listed in the following order:

  • Title of source.
  • Title of container,
  • Other contributors,
  • Publication date,

Each element should be followed by the corresponding punctuation mark shown above. Earlier editions of the handbook included the place of publication and required different punctuation (such as journal editions in parentheses and colons after issue numbers) depending on the type of source. In the current version, punctuation is simpler (only commas and periods separate the elements), and information about the source is kept to the basics.

Begin the entry with the author’s last name, followed by a comma and the rest of the name, as presented in the work. End this element with a period.

Bhabha, Homi K. The Location of Culture. Routledge, 1994.

Title of source

The title of the source should follow the author’s name. Depending upon the type of source, it should be listed in italics or quotation marks.

A book should be in italics:

Henley, Patricia. The Hummingbird House . MacMurray, 1999.

An individual webpage should be in quotation marks. The name of the parent website, which MLA treats as a "container," should follow in italics:

Lundman, Susan. "How to Make Vegetarian Chili." eHow, www.ehow.com/how_10727_make-vegetarian-chili.html.*

A periodical (journal, magazine, newspaper) article should be in quotation marks:

Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi's Bashai Tudu." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature , vol. 15, no. 1, 1996, pp. 41-50.

A song or piece of music on an album should be in quotation marks. The name of the album should then follow in italics:

Beyoncé. "Pray You Catch Me." Lemonade, Parkwood Entertainment, 2016, www.beyonce.com/album/lemonade-visual-album/.

*The MLA handbook recommends including URLs when citing online sources. For more information, see the “Optional Elements” section below.

Title of container

The eighth edition of the MLA handbook introduced what are referred to as "containers," which are the larger wholes in which the source is located. For example, if you want to cite a poem that is listed in a collection of poems, the individual poem is the source, while the larger collection is the container. The title of the container is usually italicized and followed by a comma, since the information that follows next describes the container.

Kincaid, Jamaica. "Girl." The Vintage Book of Contemporary American Short Stories, edited by Tobias Wolff, Vintage, 1994, pp. 306-07.

The container may also be a television series, which is made up of episodes.

“94 Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, created by Greg Daniels and Michael Schur, performance by Amy Poehler, season 2, episode 21, Deedle-Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2010.

The container may also be a website, which contains articles, postings, and other works.

Wise, DeWanda. “Why TV Shows Make Me Feel Less Alone.”  NAMI,  31 May 2019,  www.nami.org/Blogs/NAMI-Blog/May-2019/How-TV-Shows-Make-Me-Feel-Less-Alone . Accessed 3 June 2019.

In some cases, a container might be within a larger container. You might have read a book of short stories on Google Books , or watched a television series on Netflix . You might have found the electronic version of a journal on JSTOR. It is important to cite these containers within containers so that your readers can find the exact source that you used.

“94 Meetings.” Parks and Recreation , season 2, episode 21, NBC , 29 Apr. 2010. Netflix, www.netflix.com/watch/70152031?trackId=200256157&tctx=0%2C20%2C0974d361-27cd-44de-9c2a-2d9d868b9f64-12120962.

Langhamer, Claire. “Love and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century England.” Historical Journal , vol. 50, no. 1, 2007, pp. 173-96. ProQuest, doi:10.1017/S0018246X06005966. Accessed 27 May 2009.

Other contributors

In addition to the author, there may be other contributors to the source who should be credited, such as editors, illustrators, translators, etc. If their contributions are relevant to your research, or necessary to identify the source, include their names in your documentation.

Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. Translated by Richard Howard , Vintage-Random House, 1988.

Woolf, Virginia. Jacob’s Room . Annotated and with an introduction by Vara Neverow, Harcourt, Inc., 2008.

If a source is listed as an edition or version of a work, include it in your citation.

The Bible . Authorized King James Version, Oxford UP, 1998.

Crowley, Sharon, and Debra Hawhee. Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students. 3rd ed., Pearson, 2004.

If a source is part of a numbered sequence, such as a multi-volume book or journal with both volume and issue numbers, those numbers must be listed in your citation.

Dolby, Nadine. “Research in Youth Culture and Policy: Current Conditions and Future Directions.” Social Work and Society: The International Online-Only Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, 2008, www.socwork.net/sws/article/view/60/362. Accessed 20 May 2009.

Quintilian. Institutio Oratoria. Translated by H. E. Butler, vol. 2, Loeb-Harvard UP, 1980.

The publisher produces or distributes the source to the public. If there is more than one publisher, and they are all are relevant to your research, list them in your citation, separated by a forward slash (/).

Klee, Paul. Twittering Machine. 1922. Museum of Modern Art, New York. The Artchive, www.artchive.com/artchive/K/klee/twittering_machine.jpg.html. Accessed May 2006.

Women's Health: Problems of the Digestive System . American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2006.

Daniels, Greg and Michael Schur, creators. Parks and Recreation . Deedle-Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2015.

Note : The publisher’s name need not be included in the following sources: periodicals, works published by their author or editor, websites whose titles are the same name as their publisher, websites that make works available but do not actually publish them (such as  YouTube ,  WordPress , or  JSTOR ).

Publication date

The same source may have been published on more than one date, such as an online version of an original source. For example, a television series might have aired on a broadcast network on one date, but released on  Netflix  on a different date. When the source has more than one date, it is sufficient to use the date that is most relevant to your writing. If you’re unsure about which date to use, go with the date of the source’s original publication.

In the following example, Mutant Enemy is the primary production company, and “Hush” was released in 1999. Below is a general citation for this television episode:

“Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer , created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, Mutant Enemy, 1999 .

However, if you are discussing, for example, the historical context in which the episode originally aired, you should cite the full date. Because you are specifying the date of airing, you would then use WB Television Network (rather than Mutant Enemy), because it was the network (rather than the production company) that aired the episode on the date you’re citing.

“Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, episode 10, WB Television Network, 14 Dec. 1999 .

You should be as specific as possible in identifying a work’s location.

An essay in a book or an article in a journal should include page numbers.

Adiche, Chimamanda Ngozi. “On Monday of Last Week.” The Thing around Your Neck, Alfred A. Knopf, 2009, pp. 74-94 .

The location of an online work should include a URL.  Remove any "http://" or "https://" tag from the beginning of the URL.

Wheelis, Mark. "Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention." Emerging Infectious Diseases , vol. 6, no. 6, 2000, pp. 595-600, wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/6/6/00-0607_article. Accessed 8 Feb. 2009.

When citing a physical object that you experienced firsthand, identify the place of location.

Matisse, Henri. The Swimming Pool. 1952, Museum of Modern Art, New York .

Optional elements

The ninth edition is designed to be as streamlined as possible. The author should include any information that helps readers easily identify the source, without including unnecessary information that may be distracting. The following is a list of optional elements that can be included in a documented source at the writer’s discretion.

Date of original publication:

If a source has been published on more than one date, the writer may want to include both dates if it will provide the reader with necessary or helpful information.

Erdrich, Louise. Love Medicine. 1984. Perennial-Harper, 1993.

City of publication:

The seventh edition handbook required the city in which a publisher is located, but the eighth edition states that this is only necessary in particular instances, such as in a work published before 1900. Since pre-1900 works were usually associated with the city in which they were published, your documentation may substitute the city name for the publisher’s name.

Thoreau, Henry David. Excursions . Boston, 1863.

Date of access:

When you cite an online source, the MLA Handbook recommends including a date of access on which you accessed the material, since an online work may change or move at any time.

Bernstein, Mark. "10 Tips on Writing the Living Web." A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites, 16 Aug. 2002, alistapart.com/article/writeliving. Accessed 4 May 2009.

As mentioned above, while the MLA handbook recommends including URLs when you cite online sources, you should always check with your instructor or editor and include URLs at their discretion.

A DOI, or digital object identifier, is a series of digits and letters that leads to the location of an online source. Articles in journals are often assigned DOIs to ensure that the source is locatable, even if the URL changes. If your source is listed with a DOI, use that instead of a URL.

Alonso, Alvaro, and Julio A. Camargo. "Toxicity of Nitrite to Three Species of Freshwater Invertebrates." Environmental Toxicology , vol. 21, no. 1, 3 Feb. 2006, pp. 90-94. Wiley Online Library, doi: 10.1002/tox.20155.

Creating in-text citations using the previous (eighth) edition

Although the MLA handbook is currently in its ninth edition, some information about citing in the text using the older (eighth) edition is being retained. The in-text citation is a brief reference within your text that indicates the source you consulted. It should properly attribute any ideas, paraphrases, or direct quotations to your source, and should direct readers to the entry in the Works Cited list. For the most part, an in-text citation is the  author’s name and the page number (or just the page number, if the author is named in the sentence) in parentheses :

When creating in-text citations for media that has a runtime, such as a movie or podcast, include the range of hours, minutes and seconds you plan to reference. For example: (00:02:15-00:02:35).

Again, your goal is to attribute your source and provide a reference without interrupting your text. Your readers should be able to follow the flow of your argument without becoming distracted by extra information.

How to Cite the Purdue OWL in MLA

Entire Website

The Purdue OWL . Purdue U Writing Lab, 2019.

Individual Resources

Contributors' names. "Title of Resource." The Purdue OWL , Purdue U Writing Lab, Last edited date.

The new OWL no longer lists most pages' authors or publication dates. Thus, in most cases, citations will begin with the title of the resource, rather than the developer's name.

"MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The Purdue OWL, Purdue U Writing Lab. Accessed 18 Jun. 2018.

Scribbr MLA Citation Generator

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Stop wasting hours figuring out the correct citation format. With Scribbr's citation generator , you can search for your source by title, URL, ISBN, or DOI and generate accurate MLA citations in seconds. No experience needed.

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You don’t want points taken off for incorrect citations. That’s why our MLA citation experts have invested countless hours perfecting our algorithms. As a result, we’re proud to be recommended by teachers worldwide.

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Search for your source by title, URL, DOI, ISBN, and more to retrieve the relevant information automatically.

MLA 8th & 9th edition

Scribbr's Citation Generator supports both MLA 8 and MLA 9 (as well as APA and Harvard ). No matter what edition you're using, we’ve got you covered!

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Organize the reference list the way you want: from A to Z, new to old, or grouped by source type.

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Annotations

Create perfectly formatted MLA Style annotated bibliographies with just a few clicks.

Explanatory tips help you get the details right to ensure accurate citations.

Citation guides

Getting to grips with citation is simple with the help of our highly rated MLA citation guides and videos .

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How to cite in MLA format

MLA handbook 9th edition

MLA is one of the most common citation styles used by students and academics. This quick guide explains how to cite sources according to the 9th edition (the most recent) of the MLA Handbook . You can also use Scribbr’s free  citation generator to automatically generate references and in-text citations.

An MLA citation has two components:

  • In-text citation : Every time you quote or paraphrase a source, you cite the author and the page number in parentheses.
  • Works Cited : At the end of your paper, you give a full reference for every source you cited, alphabetized by the author’s last name.

MLA Works Cited list

The list of Works Cited (also known as the bibliography or reference page) gives full details of every source you cited in your text. Each entry is built from nine core elements:

Following this format, you can create a citation for any type of source—for example, a book , journal article , website , or movie . You only include information that’s relevant to the type of source you’re citing.

Missing information in MLA citations

Regardless of the source type, the most important elements of any MLA citation are the author , the source title , and the publication date. If any of these are missing from the source, the Works Cited entry will look slightly different.

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MLA in-text citations

MLA in-text citations are brief references that direct your reader to the full source entry. You include them every time you quote , block quote , paraphrase or summarize a source.

The in-text citation must match the first word of the Works Cited entry—usually the author’s last name . It also includes a page number or range to help the reader locate the relevant passage.

If you already named the author in your sentence, include only the page number in parentheses:

Sources with no page numbers

If the source has no page numbers, you either use an alternative locator, or leave the page number out of the citation:

Tools and resources

Besides the MLA Citation Generator, Scribbr provides many more helpful tools and resources;

  • Citation generator : Generate flawless APA , MLA , and Harvard citations in seconds
  • Free plagiarism checker : Detect and correct plagiarism with the most accurate plagiarism checker for students
  • AI Proofreader : Upload and improve unlimited documents and earn higher grades on your assignments. Try it for free!
  • Paraphrasing tool: Avoid accidental plagiarism and make your text sound better.
  • Grammar checker : Eliminate pesky spelling and grammar mistakes.
  • Summarizer: Read more in less time. Distill lengthy and complex texts down to their key points.
  • AI detector: Find out if your text was written with ChatGPT or any other AI writing tool. ChatGPT 2 & ChatGPT 3 supported.
  • Proofreading services : Hire a professional editor to improve your writing
  • Citation checker : Check your work for citation errors and missing citations.
  • Guides and videos : Explore hundreds of articles, bite-sized videos, time-saving templates, and handy checklists that guide you through the process of research, writing, and citation.

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Citation Generators

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These generators allow you to enter your resource's (e.g. journal article, web page, book) information and then create a citation and works cited reference that you can copy and paste into your paper. 

  • Creates citations and bibliographic references for many styles, including MLA, APA, and Chicago styles that you can copy and paste into your paper.
  • Look up feature allows you to look up your reference (e.g. by URL, title, ISBN, etc.) and automatically convert into a citation and bibliographic reference.
  • Allows you to create a free account and save you references for future use.

Citation Machine

  • Creates citations and bibliographic references for APA, MLA, and Chicago styles that you can copy and paste into your paper.
  • Has an ISBN look up option for APA and MLA styles.
  • Creates citations and bibliographic references for APA, MLA, and Chicago styles that you can copy and paste into your paper.
  • Creates citations and bibliographic references for APA, MLA, Turabian, and Chicago styles that you can copy and paste into your paper.
  • Can create citations for many formats beyond articles, books, and websites such as speeches, films, interviews, etc.

This information is from the University of Kansas Medical Center research guide  Introduction to Research: Summer Interns .

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Cite a Performance in MLA

- powered by chegg, don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper, consider your source's credibility. ask these questions:, contributor/author.

  • Has the author written several articles on the topic, and do they have the credentials to be an expert in their field?
  • Can you contact them? Do they have social media profiles?
  • Have other credible individuals referenced this source or author?
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  • Do they take responsibility for the content? Are they selective about what they publish?
  • Take a look at their other content. Do these other articles generally appear credible?
  • Does the author or the organization have a bias? Does bias make sense in relation to your argument?
  • Is the purpose of the content to inform, entertain, or to spread an agenda? Is there commercial intent?
  • Are there ads?
  • When was the source published or updated? Is there a date shown?
  • Does the publication date make sense in relation to the information presented to your argument?
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MLA Handbook Plus is a new, subscription-based digital product providing online access to the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook. To learn more about MLA Handbook… Read More

What’s New in the Ninth Edition of the MLA Handbook (Spring 2021)

Published in April 2021, the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook works as both a textbook and a reference guide. You can order a copy… Read More

MLA Guide to Digital Literacy , 2nd Edition: An Interview with the Author

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Ellen C. Carillo talks to the MLA about the MLA Guide to Digital Literacy , second edition. Read More

How do I cite one person’s testimony in a congressional hearing?

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A Century of Queer Korean Fiction : An Interview with Samuel Perry

Toward Educational Justice: An Interview with the Editors of Teaching Literature and Writing in Prisons

Henrique Maximiano Coelho Neto’s Sphinx: A Neo-Gothic Novel from Brazil : An Interview with M. Elizabeth Ginway

A Reflection on Disability Studies: Enabling the Humanities on Its Twentieth Anniversary

Teaching Claire de Duras’s Ourika

Teaching Nineteenth-Century Activist Rhetorics Today: An Interview

How and Why to Teach Late-Twentieth-Century Mexicana and Chicana Writers: An Interview

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Attributive Nouns; or, Why There Is Sometimes No Apostrophe in Terms Such As Teachers Union

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Laying versus Lying

Getting to the Bottom of Principle and Principal

Does It Really Go without Saying? On Needless Phrases

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On Witches and Which es: A Guide to Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses

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To cite a video game, follow the template of core elements, as you would for any other source. Below we provide in-depth explanations for each… Read More

In a quotation from a play, how do I show that material has been omitted?

The answer depends on the nature of the quotation. If you quote dialogue from more than one speaker in a play, set the material as… Read More

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Citation Styles and Tools: Home

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In this guide you will find guidance and resources for constructing your citations for the most common style guides used on campus as well as tools that can help you manage your citations and create your bibliographies, footnotes, in-text citations, and anything else you might need.

Why do we cite?

Citations are important for a number of reasons:

  • Allows readers to find a source you utilized
  • Gives credit to the creators whose work provides a foundation to yours
  • Gives credibility and support to your argument
  • Avoids plagiarism

General Citation Resources

Zbib: Zotero's online tool to create citations

NCSU Citation Builder: Helps you fill in all the necessary information for a citation depending on the source type and citation style. More reliable than generators that depend on a link because they might not find all the information you have on the source.

Research and documentation in the digital age:   Features sample student papers and 325 documentation models that guide students as they cite common sources and newer sources – such as blogs, podcasts, online videos, and reposted Web content – in MLA, Chicago, and CSE styles.  Whitman College Library Reference Collection (ZA4375 .H327 2015 )

Citation creation websites

EasyBib and other sites can be helpful in quickly creating citations for you, but they depend on the information you give them, and might not always pull the correct data or formatting. If you do use sites like this, always look over the citations it gives you to make sure they look right. The same is true for the citations created by Sherlock! When in doubt, tools like the  NCSU Citation Builder will be much more likely to give you a proper citation, because they depend on your input of all elements, which does mean it takes a little more time.

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In-text citation

  • Works Cited
  • Artificial intelligence
  • Audiovisual
  • Encyclopaedias and dictionaries
  • Government and organisation publications
  • Interviews / speeches
  • Journals / periodicals
  • Live performances
  • Music scores / recordings
  • Online communication / social media
  • Other sources
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  • Other styles AGLC4 APA 7th Chicago 17th (A) Notes Chicago 17th (B) Author-Date Harvard MLA 9th Vancouver
  • Referencing home

The MLA 9th style uses author-date in-text citations, used when quoting or paraphrasing people’s work. 

Two types of in-text citations

1. author prominent format .

Use this format if you want to emphasise the author. Their name becomes part of your sentence.

"It was the best of times, it was the worst of times," wrote Charles Dickens of the eighteenth century (5).

2. Information prominent format

Use this format if you want to emphasise the information. It cites the author’s name, typically at the end of a sentence.

as demonstrated in the opening line, "it was the best of times, it was the worst of times" (Dickens 5).

Examples of in-text citations

Less than three lines of text.

If a prose quotation is no more than four lines and does not require special emphasis, put it in quotation marks and incorporate it into the text. Include the page number(s) in brackets.

"It was the best of times it was the worst of times" wrote Charles Dickens of the eighteenth century (5).

  • See Plays and Poetry sections below for how to cite these in-text.

More than three lines of text

If a quotation is longer than three lines, set it off from your text by beginning a new line, indenting half an inch from the left margin. Quotation marks around the text are not required. Introduce the quotation with a colon. Place the parenthetical reference after the last line. For example, the above discusses John Corner in his book, The Art of Record: A Critical Introduction to Documentary , which refers to Brian Winston's revaluation of the documentary tradition in the writings of John Grierson.

Winston's reassessment of Grierson finds the play-off between creativity and realness unconvincing: Grierson's taxonomic triumph was to make his particular species of non-fiction film, the non-fiction genre while at the same time allowing the films to use the significant fictionalising technique of dramatisation. (Winston 103)

This is a usefully provocative point, though agreement with it will largely rest on certain, contestable ideas about 'fictionalisation' and 'dramatisation'. The issue is dealt with directly in Chapter Two, as part of considering the debate around drama-documentary forms, and it occurs in relation to specific works throughout this book.

Two authors

In prose, the first time the two authors are mentioned, use both first and second names. In a parenthetical citation use 'and', not '&' to connect the two surnames.

Others, like Cheryl Brown and Laura Czerniewicz argue that the idea of a generation of ‘digital natives’ is flawed (359). The Brown and Czerniewicz article focuses on…

(Brown and Czerniewicz 359)

Three or more authors

When citing a source with three or more authors in prose you only refer to the first coauthor and can follow the additional authors by “and others“ or “and colleagues.” A parenthetical citation requires the first author's surname, followed by et al.

Laura Czerniewicz and colleagues argue…

(Czerniewicz et al. 53)

Different authors, same surname

If you use works from more than one author with the same last name, eliminate any ambiguity by including the author's first initial as well (or if the initial is also the same, the full first name).

(N. Palmer 45)

(N. Palmer 45; M. Palmer 102)

Citing more than one author

If you are citing more than one source at the same point, place them in the same parentheses, separated by a semi-colon.

(Jackson 41; Smith 150)

Same author, two or more works

If you cite multiple works by the same author, include a shortened title in each in-text citation to establish which work you are referring to. To avoid overly lengthy in-text citations, shorten the title to a simple noun phrase, or a few words.

The first example references Said's book, so the title is italicised. The second example references Said's journal article, so it is in quotation marks.

For more tips on how to abbreviate titles of sources, see 6.10 of the MLA Handbook .

..."the Orient was a scholar's word, signifying what modern Europe had recently made of the still peculiar East" (Said, Orientalism 92).

..."there is something basically unworkable or at least drastically changed about the traditional frameworks in which we study literature" (Said, "Globalizing Literary Study" 64).

Anonymous or no author

For works that are anonymously authored, or have no author, include a shortened version of the title in the in-text citation (do not list the author as "anonymous", nor as "anon.").

It has been argued that the hat symbolised freedom (Wandering Merchant 157).

Corporate author

Abbreviate terms that are commonly abbreviated (e.g. Department becomes Dept.), so as to not disrupt the flow of your text with overly long in-text citations.

If the corporate author is identified in the works-cited list by the names of administrative units separated by commas, give all the names in the parenthetical citation.

The Australian Research Council found that there are limited policies and procedures in place to manage foreign interference (4).

(Monash University 176)

Citing an author within another source

An indirect source is a source that is cited in another source. To quote this second-hand source, use “qtd. in” (quoted in), and then include the information of the source you actually consulted. Similarly, for the reference list use the source that you actually consulted (i.e. the indirect source). Keep in mind that it is good academic practice to seek out and use the original source, rather than the second-hand one, however this is not always possible.

For the below example, the student is using Petrarch's quote which is found in Hui. The page number refers to the source actually consulted (Hui), and the reference list would only list Hui, as shown below:

Hui, Andrew. The Poetics of Ruins in Renaissance Literature. Fordham UP, 2016.

For more information, see section 6.77 of the MLA Handbook .

Petrarch laments that Cicero’s manuscripts are “in such fragmentary and mutilated condition that it would perhaps have been better for them to have perished” (qtd. in Hui 4).

Author in a translation

If you think your audience would require a translation for your quoted material, then provide one. Give the source of the translation, as well as the source of the quote.

If you did the translation yourself, then insert my trans. where you would usually put the translation source, as shown in the example above.

If you're quoting in a language that does not use the Latin alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, etc.), then consistently use the original writing system for your quotes or romanisation. Note that proper nouns are usually romanised.

For more information, see 6.75 Translations of Quotations in the MLA Style Guide .

Mme d'Aulnoy's heroine is "la chatte blanche" ("the white cat"; my trans.; 56)

Poetry - Short quotations

Quotations from poetry from part of a line up to three lines in length, which do not need particular emphasis, may be added, placed in quotation marks, within your text as part of a sentence. Use a slash with a space on either side ( / ) to indicate a new line of poetry.

If the poem you are referencing has line numbers, then omit page numbers all-together and cite by line number instead. Do not use the abbreviation l. or ll. , but instead in your first citation, use the word line, or lines as shown in the example below. After the first citation, it can be assumed that the numbers refer to lines, so you can include the numbers alone.

More's distress that she had not written about the problems of the slave trade earlier are expressed in the poem: "Whene'er to Afric's shores I turn my eyes, / Horrors of deepest, deadliest guilt arise" (line 5).

Poetry - Block quotations

When quoting a block of poetry, introduce it in the same manner as a prose block quotation, i.e. begin the quote on a new line and indent each line as below. There is no need to add quotation marks. A reference to the page or line number should be included in parenthesis at the end of the last line. If the original text is creatively spaced or indented, then try to replicate the original as best you can.

Judith Wright 's poetry explores the Australian environment:

And have we eaten in the heart of the yellow wheat the sullen unforgetting seed of fire? And now, set free by the climate of man's hate, that seed sets time ablaze (14)

If you quote the lines of more than one actor or if the piece you are quoting is long, the quotation should not be integrated into your text. The rules in MLA for presenting this text are:

  • Leave a line between your text and the quotation
  • Begin each part of the dialogue with the character's name, indented half an inch from the margin, in upper case and with a full-stop, e.g. BODYGUARDS.
  • Start dialogue after full-stop or match spacing shown in original source
  • Indent all dialogue an additional amount, as shown below
  • End each piece of dialogue with a full-stop
  • End the last line of the quotation with a full-stop and then add the section and line numbers in parentheses.

For more information, see section 6.40 of the MLA 9th Handbook .

TARTUFFE. Yes, my brother, I am a sinner, a guilty man. An unhappy sinner full of iniquity. (III. vi.)

In-text citation general checklist

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MLA Style (9th ed.): Citation Guide

  • Getting Started with MLA
  • Formatting a Paper in MLA

MLA Style Citations

In-text citations, works cited, mla core elements.

  • MLA Citation Examples
  • Other MLA Resources
  • Citation Guides Homepage

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Citing Sources in MLA 

There are two parts to MLA citations:

  • in-text citations or parenthetical citations
  • Works Cited entry

In order to be correctly cited, you have to make sure to include both parts in your project.

Every citation in the Works Cited needs to be used at least once in your paper.

Every source cited within your paper needs to have an entry in your Works Cited. (You might refer to one work several times throughout your paper, but it only needs one entry in your Works Cited.)

In-text Citations

  • brief citations to get your reader to the Works Cited page where they can find out more
  • appear within the body of your work directly following the information
  • tell the reader what part of an article or book or website that you used (page numbers, video time stamps, etc)

Basic In-text Citation

(Author pages)

(Smith 45).

Other variations:

  • full citations for every work referenced in your paper
  • cites the entire book, article, video, etc
  • includes information about the source itself and the containers (journal, database, website) where it can be found

For examples of all of the different types of Works Cited entries, see MLA Citation Examples

Elements of an MLA Citation

Sources and containers.

A source is the piece of information that you are citing.

Sources might be inside of larger pieces of information, which MLA calls  containers .

To fully cite a source, you need to describe each of its containers as well.

MLA uses a set of core elements to cite pieces of information.

When citing a source, fill in the elements needed for your source and leave unnecessary fields blank.

Repeat information from Title of Container through Location for each container.

Primary creator of the work that you are citing.

Title of Source

The title of the work that you are citing.

If it is a complete standalone work, italicize the title. (example- a book)

If it is a part of a larger work, put the title in quotation marks. (example- an article, a short story)

Title of Container

Title of the larger work where your piece of information lives.

Italicized .

Examples of containers:

Contributor

Any key contributors to the work that you are citing.

Possible contributors and how to label them:

If a work says that it is a version or edition, include it in your citation.

Possible options:

If the source you are citing is part of a sequence, like a volume, issue, episode, or season.

Use numerals instead of righting them out.

Entity responsible for making the work available to the public.

Examples of publishers:

  • publisher of a book
  • studio or network that produced a film or tv show
  • organization who created a website
  • theater company that put on a play
  • government department or agency who produced a government publication

When writing the name of the publisher:

  • don't include terms like incorporated (inc.), limited (ltd.), company (Co.), corporation (Corp.)
  • abbreviate the words University and Press (ex- Oxford UP, State U of New York)
  • write out "and" instead of ampersand

Publication Date

Tells your reader when the version of the work that you are citing was published. 

Use as much of the date as is available.

Abbreviate months.

Style dates as day month year (ex- 31 Jan. 2024)

Where the work you cited is located. This varies by format.

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Citing Sources: MLA

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  • Chicago/Turabian (AAA)
  • Engineering Styles
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Getting Started with MLA

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MLA (from the Modern Language Association) is a citation style commonly used in the humanities. View the below PowerPoint presentation for an introduction to MLA.

  • MLA Sample Paper Sample paper written in MLA style with notes and guidelines. Provided by OWL Purdue.
  • MLA 8th Edition Powerpoint presentation provided by Purdue OWL. Goes over basics of MLA Citation Style
  • MLA Citation Handout

When deciding how to cite your source, start by consulting the list of core elements. These are the general pieces of information that MLA suggests including in each Works Cited entry. In your citation, the elements should be listed in the following order:

  • Title of source.
  • Title of container,
  • Other contributors,
  • Publication date,

Each element should be followed by the punctuation mark shown here.  --from Purdue OWL

Format your MLA Paper

  • 1" Margins
  • 12pt Font, double-spaced
  •  Create a running header with your last name and page number (header sometimes ommited from first page)
  • List Name, Instructor, Course, and Date in upper-left corner of first page

Quick Links for MLA Help:

  • OWL-Purdue Online Writing Lab links to OWL Purdue. The ultimate source for citations!
  • MLA Works Cited Sample Page Sample Works Cited page provided by OWL Purdue.
  • How to cite images, films & other media in MLA Style (Purdue OWL)
  • Visit the MLA Style Center for more examples
  • How to write an Annotated Bibliography (Purdue Owl)

Style Guides in the Library or Online

NOTE: The online version of the MLA Style Guide is available with an individual subscription

citation mla easybib

How do I cite my sources in the text of my paper? (In-text citations)

With author in sentence:

Naomi Wolf argues that women's magazines have instilled a message that women have to look a certain way to experience happiness and excitement (61).

Without author in sentence:

"A girl learns that stories happen to 'beautiful' women, whether they are interesting or not" (Wolf 61).

In-text citations for print source with no known author:

We see so many global warming hotspots in North America likely because this region has "more readily accessible climatic data and more comprehensive programs to monitor and study environmental change..." ("Impact of Global Warming" 6).

When a source has no known author, use a shortened title of the work instead of an author name. Place the title in quotation marks if it's a short work (such as an article) or italicize it if it's a longer work (e.g. plays, books, television shows, entire Web sites) and provide a page number.

How do I cite my sources at the end of my paper? (Works Cited Page)

Book, with 1 Author

Wolf, Naomi. The Beauty Myth.  Doubleday, 1991.

Author Name (Last Name, First Name). Title of Book . Publisher, Publication Date.

Book, with 2 Authors

Beecher, Willard, and Marguerite Beecher. Beyond Success and Failure . Julian Press, 1966. 

Author Name (first author appears Last Name, First Name: second author appears First Name Last Name). Title of Book . Publisher, Publication Date.

Book, No Author

The Book of Common Prayer . Seabury Press, 1979.

Title of Book. Publisher, Publication Date.

Journal Article, with 3 authors

Green, Cheryl, Walter Knysz, III, and Ming T. Tsuang. "A Homeless Person With Bipolar Disorder and a History of Serious Self-Mutilation." American Journal of Psychiatry , vol. 157, no.1, 2000, pp 1392-97.

Author Name (first author appears Last Name, First Name: second and third appear First Name, Last Name). "Title of Article." Title of Journal , volume #, issue #, publication date, page range.

Article Accessed From Electronic Database (more than 3 authors)

Coulton, Keith, et al. "Eleni's Creepy Cookies."  People Magazine , vol. 6, no. 6, 2009, pp. 6-10, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=fth&AN=44718278&custid=gso1&custid=gso1&groupid=main&profile=eds. Accessed 12 August. 2016.

Author Name (first author appears Last Name, First Name - followed by et al.) "Title of Article." Title of Journal, volume #, issue #, page range, URL (omit http:// or https://). Date Accessed.

The Purdue OWL Family of Sites . The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue U, 2008, owl.english.purdue.edu/owl. Accessed 23 Apr. 2008.

Name of Site. Name of Institution/organization affiliated with the site, date of resource creation (if available), URL (omit http:// or https://).   Date of Access (if applicable).

How to Cite Online Images in MLA Style

Structure of a citation for an image found on a website in MLA 8:

Creator’s Last name, First name. “Title of the digital image.” Title of the website, First name Last name of any contributors, Version (if applicable), Number (if applicable), Publisher, Publication date, URL. Access Date.

  • Vasquez, Gary A. Photograph of Coach K with Team USA. NBC Olympics, USA Today Sports, 5 Aug. 2016, www.nbcolympics.com/news/rio-olympics-coach-ks-toughest-test-or-lasting-legacy. Accessed 24 April 2018.
  • Gilpin, Laura. “Terraced Houses, Acoma Pueblo, New Mexico.” Library of Congress, Reproduction no. LC-USZ62-102170, 1939, www.loc.gov/pictures/item/90716883/. Accessed 26 April 2018.

Source: Manhattanville College Libary  https://mville.libguides.com/c.php?g=370027&p=5932225

See also:  http://www.easybib.com/guides/citation-guides/mla-8/cite-digital-image-mla-8/ ]

Citing ArtificiaI Intelligence (AI) and ChatBots

Citing AI and ChatBots

From: https://www.choice360.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Screen-Shot-2023-06-20-at-1.22.29-PM-1024x581.png

  • What is ChatGPT and What Should Students Know About AI Chatbots? (U. of Arizona)
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IMAGES

  1. Creating an MLA Bibliography

    citation mla easybib

  2. How to Format a Paper in MLA 8: A Visual Guide

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  3. How to Format a Paper in MLA 8: A Visual Guide

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  4. MLA Citation Templates: Easy Infographic for Students

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  5. MLA Annotated Bibliography Format

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  6. MLA In-Text Citations

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COMMENTS

  1. EasyBib®: Free MLA Citation & Bibliography Generator

    MLA Citation Generator - powered by Chegg Choose your source: Website Book Journal More

  2. MLA Citation Examples

    Welcome to the EasyBib MLA Citation Guide! If you've landed on this page, you're probably wondering what MLA citing is, or perhaps you need help creating an MLA citation or two. This page is fully stocked with the information you need to be an MLA citing machine.

  3. EasyBib®: Free Bibliography Generator

    EasyBib®: Free Bibliography Generator - MLA, APA, Chicago citation styles The best papers start with EasyBib® powered by Chegg Create citations Start a new citation or manage your existing projects. Check your paper Scan your paper for plagiarism and grammar errors. Check your paper for grammar and plagiarism

  4. Free MLA Citation Generator [Updated for 2024]

    Updated for 2024 Generate accurate citations in MLA format automatically, with MyBib! 😕 What is an MLA Citation Generator? An MLA citation generator is a software tool designed to automatically create academic citations in the Modern Language Association (MLA) citation format.

  5. Creating an MLA Bibliography

    Citation Generator Source Type Search If you write a research paper in MLA format, then you will need to include a Works Cited page according to the current 9th edition of the Modern Language Association (MLA) guidelines.

  6. MLA Website Citation Generator

    Create manual citation Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper Try Easybib® Plus *See Terms and Conditions Consider your source's credibility. Ask these questions: Contributor/Author Has the author written several articles on the topic, and do they have the credentials to be an expert in their field? Can you contact them?

  7. MLA Digital File Citation Generator

    Create manual citation Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper Scan your paper for plagiarism mistakes Get help for 7,000+ citation styles including APA 6 Check for 400+ advanced grammar errors Create in-text citations and save them Free 3-day trial. Cancel anytime.* Try Easybib® Plus *See Terms and Conditions

  8. EasyBib

    EasyBib is a free online citation & bibliography generator. The free version provides tools for creating bibliographies using the MLA citation style. A paid subscription is required to generate citations in the APA and Chicago/Turabian format. EasyBib also includes resources for note-taking and research. EasyBib Citation Guides

  9. MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics

    MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number (s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page.

  10. PDF MLA 7 -Understanding Citations

    By John Smith. Ed. Bill McCoy. Some sources may have corporate or group authors. Write these organization where you would write the authors. If they are also publishers of the source, include it in the publication information as well. Corporate author Government author Modern Language Association. Title Illinois. Dept. of Industrial Relations..

  11. MLA Formatting and Style Guide

    Cite Using citation machines responsibly Powered by Creating a Works Cited list using the ninth edition MLA is a style of documentation that may be applied to many different types of writing.

  12. Free MLA Citation Generator

    With Scribbr's citation generator, you can search for your source by title, URL, ISBN, or DOI and generate accurate MLA citations in seconds. No experience needed. Rely on accurate citations, verified by experts. You don't want points taken off for incorrect citations.

  13. PDF Citing a book -MLA Cite books at easybib

    Publisher Note: Many eBooks are reproduced from a print version. You can normally determine this if the eBook has print publication information Citation: Morem, Susan. 101 Tips for Graduates. New York: Ferguson, 2005. Infobase Publishing eBooks. Web. 16 Mar. 2010.

  14. Citation Machine®: MLA Format & MLA Citation Generator

    The Complete Guide to MLA & Citations What you'll find in this guide This page provides an in-depth overview of MLA format. It includes information related to MLA citations, plagiarism, proper formatting for in-text and regular citations, and examples of citations for many different types of sources. Looking for APA?

  15. Loras College Library: Start My Research: Citation Generators

    Has an ISBN look up option for APA and MLA styles. EasyBib. Creates citations and bibliographic references for APA, MLA, and Chicago styles that you can copy and paste into your paper. Look up feature allows you to look up your reference (e.g. by URL, title, ISBN, etc.) and automatically convert into a citation and bibliographic reference ...

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  17. MLA Style Center

    MLA Style Center, the only authorized Web site on MLA style, provides free resources on research, writing, and documentation. ... To cite a video game, follow the template of core elements, as you would for any other source. Below we provide in-depth explanations for each… Read More. Ask the MLA.

  18. Home

    Research and documentation in the digital age: Features sample student papers and 325 documentation models that guide students as they cite common sources and newer sources - such as blogs, podcasts, online videos, and reposted Web content - in MLA, Chicago, and CSE styles. Whitman College Library Reference Collection (ZA4375 .H327 2015 )

  19. In-text citation

    The rules in MLA for presenting this text are: Leave a line between your text and the quotation; Begin each part of the dialogue with the character's name, indented half an inch from the margin, in upper case and with a full-stop, e.g. BODYGUARDS. ... The citation in the text consists of the author's last name only. Unlike other referencing ...

  20. Citing Sources in MLA

    Citing Sources in MLA . There are two parts to MLA citations: in-text citations or parenthetical citations; Works Cited entry; In order to be correctly cited, you have to make sure to include both parts in your project. Every citation in the Works Cited needs to be used at least once in your paper.

  21. MLA

    When deciding how to cite your source, start by consulting the list of core elements. These are the general pieces of information that MLA suggests including in each Works Cited entry. In your citation, the elements should be listed in the following order: Author. Title of source. Title of container, Other contributors, Version, Number, Publisher,

  22. KGB summary

    KGB, Russian Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti, ("Committee for State Security") Soviet agency responsible for intelligence, counterintelligence, and internal security.It was the descendant of earlier agencies. The Cheka was established in 1917 to investigate counterrevolution and sabotage. Its successor, the GPU (later OGPU), was the new Soviet Union's first secret-police agency ...

  23. Moscow

    Table of Contents. Moscow. Moscow Public Library, Idaho. Moscow, city, seat (1888) of Latah county, northwestern Idaho, U.S. The city is situated on Paradise Creek, in the Palouse country just north of Lewiston, near the Washington border. The area was settled in 1871 and developed as a stagecoach station. Local farmers called the area Hog Heaven.