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Earthquake case study - 2005 Kashmir

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You need to have a case study of the causes and impacts of an earthquake in a developing country:

Use the resources and links that can be found on this page to produce a detailed case study of the 2005 Kashmir Earthquake. You should use the 'Five W's" subheadings to give your case study structure.

What happened?

This section of your case study should be a one-paragraph overview/summary of the whole case study and should be written after you have finished the other four sections below.

When did it happen?

Wikipedia - 2005 Kashmir earthquake

Where did it happen?

M7.6 Northern Pakistan Earthquake - 8 October 2005

Why did it happen?

Who was affected by it happening?

BBC News - Overview: Quake aftermath [2 November 2005]

BBC News - South Asia earthquake: One year on [4 October 2006]

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Earthquakes - AQA Effects and responses of earthquakes

Earthquakes are caused by the release of built-up pressure at plate margins. They can destroy buildings and infrastructure, with devastating and deadly effects.

Effects and responses of earthquakes

The effect of an earthquake is the damage which happens as a result of the earthquake. The effects of an earthquake can vary depending on:

  • The size of the earthquake on the Richter scale - the higher it is on the scale, the more destruction it can cause.
  • Level of development - whether it occurs in a rich or a poor country. Richer countries will be more likely to be able to predict, protect and prepare themselves from the effects of an earthquake.
  • The depth of the focus - if it's shallow, it can be more destructive.
  • Distance from epicentre - the effects of an earthquake are more severe at its centre.
  • Population density - the more people living in an area, the more likely that more deaths and casualties may arise.
  • The time of day - whether people are in their homes, work or travelling.

Responses are how countries react to an earthquake. They are categorised as follows:

  • Short-term or immediate - a response in the days and weeks immediately after a disaster has happened. Short-term responses mainly involve search and rescue and helping the injured.
  • Long-term - responses that go on for months and years after a disaster. It involves rebuilding destroyed houses, schools, hospitals, etc. It also involves kick-starting the local economy.

More guides on this topic

  • Natural hazards - AQA
  • Plate margins and plate tectonics - AQA
  • Volcanoes - AQA
  • Tropical storms - AQA
  • Is weather in the UK becoming more extreme? - AQA
  • Climate change - AQA

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Kashmir Earthquake

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On the 8 th  October 2005 at 9:20 Local time an earthquake occurred in Kashmir in India/Pakistan. This was a result of a collision between the Indian and the Eurasian plate. There were 80,000 deaths in Northern Pakistan and North-west India in total. This earthquake spread 1000 kilometres from the epicentre.

There were 80,000 deaths after the final count, leaving others injured and many homeless. For several days roads were blocked and traffic could not flow. In total 3.3million people were affected by this earthquake. Then adding to that there were sewage and electricity blockages.

In the country of Pakistan there wasn’t enough money for repairs or to support the homeless. Many Jobs were lost now because company buildings had been destroyed, this meant that there was no income for many families. This then led to starvation as the families had no income. Businesses were completely crushed like the current recession.

There were many losses in families due to being crushed or starving, this then meant that people would keep to themselves and not be outgoing and support others. Many were in shock just from the wreckage and were too afraid to help. As with the rest of the wreckage many houses were destroyed and families had to live on the streets in tents or with just blankets. Even after the major foreshock there were several aftershocks making this even worse. On the Richter scale the magnitude of the earthquake was measured at 7.6, this was a major earthquake and was said to cause serious damage over larger areas. Many survivors were left feeling stressed and anxious about losing loved ones and not being able to provide for their family.

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There were many roads split by the shock and as there was no money for repairs they were just left like this. Many buildings collapsed from the shocks as they weren’t properly designed. The water supply was contaminated leading to typhoid and cholera being passed around, also the electricity was completely cut off, and diseases spread. Then landslides changed the landscape and created natural dams for rivers. This also led to several floods.

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In rural areas there were 700,000 deaths, and many left homeless. 28,000 pregnant women left homeless and 500,000 predicted to die in the winter by the UN. 6,000 schools were destroyed and damages, in total, cost £3.5billion. 1,000 survivors in Islamabad, all survivors were forced to stay in temporary shelter (Tents, Refugee Camps); this then led to lack of shelter.

There was then a lot of help via charities. A new organisation was set up called Kashmir Aid. UMCOR & IBC helped by giving out blankets and water. LoC then opened for medical help.

Three significant plates meet near the coast of Japan but only two brought about the Great Hanshin earthquake. The more compact Philippines Plate was disappearing beneath the lighter Eurasian plate and so pressure had been building up. Suddenly, the result of years of pressure was a release of force that shifted the Nojima fault, south of the Osaka Bay. This activity all occurred only 16 miles below the earth’s surface. The fault cut through the north side of Awaji Island, the epicentre of the earthquake, and crossed the bay directly below the city of Kobe. Kobe is 20km from Awaji Island and so seismic waves where given the opportunity to increase in speed, hence causing greater destruction. A decade of repair for the city of Kobe would be needed to amend the damages caused by the direct hit of the Great Hanshin quake.  

In Kobe the primary effect of the Hanshin quake includes the destruction of lifelines, buildings and utilities/services. A at 5:46 a.m. the earth began to shake, sand grains within Kobe’s abundant water-saturated soil began to loose contact and friction with other grains, causing liquefaction. Soil began to flow apart and the ground reacted by moving 7 inches horizontally and 4 inches vertically. Liquefaction was the beginning of the end for the city of Kobe. Japanese buildings that where built prior to enforcement of the 1981 seismic building code, could not withstand the force of the quake and the liquefaction of the ground. The result was 102,000 buildings collapsing.

The cities lifelines also suffered a great deal. All three railway links to outside cities where destroyed. Kobe’s main elevated motorway had astonishingly collapsed for over a kilometre and those using it soared of into mid-air. Yoshio Fukamoto, a bus driver who had managed to escape his bus while the front half was 6 feet suspended in space, described the situation as, “Like watching a scene from a movie.” Many roads also where elevated from the ground.

Most of the utilities and services within the city suddenly came to a halt. Water, gas and electricity ran through underground cables/pipes and so as the ground began to move rigid cables and pipes began to break. Kobe’s ever-important port also lost 120 out 150 of its quays. Within a span of 20 seconds $150 billions dollars of basic infrastructure was demolished. The secondary effects of the Hanshin quake were an outbreak of fires within the city and a plethora of socio-economic problems. Broken gas pipes and sparking electrical cables began to ignite fires across the city. At one point 300 fires were burning in different places. Since most lifelines came to a halt, the Kobe fire department had no way of reaching the sudden outbreaks. The fires burnt down 7500 homes.

The earthquake and fires killed 5,250 people and left over 400,000 people homeless. Those that did survive the quake were freezing because there was no gas for heat. Also they were thirsty and starving due to the lack of food/water being circulated. The people of Kobe had lost more in 20 seconds than most people lose in a lifetime. Yet, they surprisingly remained quiet and stoic. The majority of people did not yell or become hysterical, but rather utter words like, “Shoganai” meaning it cannot be helped. An elderly man sitting in front of his shattered house with a flask in his hand said, “Everything is gone, what can I do except sip sake and smile?  

In Conclusion I think that it is harder for a LEDC than a MEDC to overcome/survive an earthquake because with the Kobe earthquake there were less deaths and less left homeless because there was money for repairs and shelter. But in Pakistan they did not have enough money so they had to wait for aid from charities and other nations. This meant many more were left homeless with no jobs and ended up starving. Also in Japan the buildings were built properly so that they didn’t fall over in the earthquake. This was not the case in Pakistan.

Kashmir Earthquake

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  • Subject Geography

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LEDC earthquake case study

  • Natural hazards
  • Created by: katie bayliss
  • Created on: 06-05-13 14:42
  • People died of cold during the harsh winter
  • Broken sewage pipes contaminated water supplies and spread disease
  • 79 000 deaths
  • Large cracks appeared in the ground
  • Buildings collapsed
  • Tents were given out by charities
  • Aid workers arrived to help find survivors and treat the injured
  • Army and emergency services joined rescue efforts
  • Building regulations were improved
  • School and hospitals rebuilt
  • October 8th 2005
  • Eurasian and Indian plates collided
  • 7.6 on Richter scale
  • Didn't have time to escape
  • Nap after pre-dawn meal
  • Buried under collapsed buildings

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kashmir earthquake case study gcse

Earthquake case studies

Earthquake case studies Below are powerpoint presentations discussing the primary and secondary effects and immediate and long-term responses for both the Kobe, Japan and Kashmir, Pakistan earthquakes.

Effects of the Italian earthquake – http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/the-italian-earthquake-the-aftermath/6997.html Responses to Italian earthquake – http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/the-italian-earthquake-the-emergency-response/6998.html The Kobe earthquake – http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/the-kobe-earthquake/3070.html General effects & responses & Kobe (Rich) & Kashmir (Poor)

O Ltb Eartqaukes Cs from donotreply16 Kobe earthquake (Rich country)

Koberevision from cheergalsal Haiti 2010 – Poor country Picture Facts On 12th January, an earthquake measuring 7.0 on the Richter scale struck close to Haiti’s capital Port-au-Prince The earthquake occurred at a destructive plate margin between the Caribbean and North American Plates, along a major fault line. The earthquakes focus was 13km underground, and the epicentre was just 25km from Port-au-Prince Haiti has suffered a large number of serious aftershocks after the main earthquake

Primary effects About 220,000 people were killed and 300,000 injured The main port was badly damaged, along with many roads that were blocked by fallen buildings and smashed vehicles Eight hospitals or health centres in Port-au-Prince collapsed or were badly damaged. Many government buildings were also destroyed About 100,000 houses were destroyed and 200,000 damaged in Port-au-Prince and the surrounding area. Around 1.3 million Haitians were displaced (left homeless)

Secondary effects Over 2 million Habitats were left without food and water. Looting became a serious problem The destruction of many government buildings hindered the government’s efforts to control Haiti, and the police force collapsed The damage to the port and main roads meant that critical aid supplies for immediate help and longer-term reconstruction were prevented from arriving or being distributed effectively Displaced people moved into tents and temporary shelters, and there were concerns about outbreaks of disease. By November 2010, there were outbreaks of Cholera There were frequent power cuts The many dead bodies in the streets, and under the rubble, created a health hazard in the heat. So many had to be buried in mass graves

Short-term responses The main port and roads were badly damaged, crucial aid (such as medical supplies and food) was slow to arrive and be distributed. The airport couldn’t handle the number of planes trying to fly in and unload aid American engineers and diving teams were used to clear the worst debris and get the port working again, so that waiting ships could unload aid The USA sent ships, helicopters, 10,000 troops, search and rescue teams and $100 million in aid The UN sent troops and police and set up a Food Aid Cluster to feed 2 million people Bottled water and water purification tablets were supplied to survivors Field hospitals were set up and helicopters flew wounded people to nearby countries The Haitian government moved 235,000 people from Port-au-Prince to less damaged cities

Long-term responses Haiti is dependent on overseas aid to help it recover New homes would need to be built to a higher standard, costing billions of dollars Large-scale investment would be needed to bring Haiti’s road, electricity, water and telephone systems up to standard, and to rebuild the port Sichuan, China 2008 – Poor country case study Picture On 12th May at 14:28pm, the pressure resulting from the Indian Plate colliding with the Eurasian Plate was released along the Longmenshan fault line that runs beneath. This led to an earthquake measuring 7.9 on the Richter scale with tremors lasting 120 seconds.

Primary effects · 69,000 people were killed · 18,000 missing · 374,000 were injured · between 5 -11 million people were missing · 80% of buildings collapsed in rural areas such as Beichuan county due to poorer building standards · 5 million buildings collapsed

Secondary effects · Communication were brought to a halt – neither land nor mobile phones worked in Wenchuan · Roads were blocked and damaged and some landslides blocked rivers which led to flooding · Fires were caused as gas pipes burst · Freshwater supplies were contaminated by dead bodies

Immediate responses · 20 helicopters were assigned to rescue and relief effects immediately after the disaster · Troops parachuted in or hiked to reach survivors · Rescuing survivors trapped in collapsed buildings was a priority · Survivors needed food, water and tents to shelter people from the spring rains. 3.3 million new tents were ordered.

Long-term responses · Aid donations specifically money – over £100 million were raised by the Red Cross · One million temporary small were built to house the homeless · The Chinese government pledged a $10 million rebuilding funds and banks wrote off debts by survivors who did not have insurance

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A blog to help students at GCSE revise their case studies for their exams. Use the menu to select topics from each of the four units of the course.

Friday 16 April 2010

  • Kashmir Earthquake LEDC case study

kashmir earthquake case study gcse

5 comments:

kashmir earthquake case study gcse

*eurasian - indian plate, not indo Australian - eurasian

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I was there when I was just 5 years old it was an horrific experience I lost my grandmother and my uncle in that....:(

I was there when I was just 5 years old it was an horrific experience I last my grandmother and my uncle in that....:(

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Internet Geography

L’Aquila Earthquake

In 2009 an earthquake struck central Italy with devastating consequences.

L’Aquila Earthquake 2009

The l’aquila earthquake – background.

On 6 April 2009, a magnitude 6.3 earthquake struck L’Aquila in central Italy, killing 309 people. The main shock happened in the early morning hours at 3.32 am when most people were sleeping, extensively damaging the 13th-century city of L’Aquila, located only about 60 miles (100 km) northeast of Rome. The earthquake was Italy’s most devastating since the 1980 Irpinia earthquake.

L'Aquila Earthquake Map

A map showing the location of L’Aquila, Italy.

The earthquake resulted from normal faulting on the northwest-southeast-trending Paganica Fault. Several neighbouring faults are related to extensional tectonic forces associated with the opening of the Tyrrhenian Basin to the west.

There had been several thousand foreshocks and aftershocks since December 2008, more than thirty of which had a Richter magnitude greater than 3.5.

Primary Effects

The earthquake caused damage to between 3,000 and 11,000 buildings in the medieval city of L’Aquila. Many buildings also collapsed. Approximately 1,500 people were injured. Twenty of the 309 victims were children. In addition, around 40,000 people were made homeless.

The European Union estimated the total damage caused by the earthquake was US$1.1 billion.

L’Aquila’s historic buildings were severely damaged, resulting in most inhabitants abandoning their homes and the city. Fallen masonry resulted in many streets being blocked. The hospital where many of the injured were taken was damaged by a magnitude 4.8 aftershock an hour after the main earthquake.

L'Aquila Earthquake Damage

L’Aquila Earthquake Damage

Many of L’Aquila’s medieval buildings were damaged. For example, the apse of the Basilica of Saint Bernardino of Siena, L’Aquila’s largest Renaissance church, was seriously damaged, and its campanile collapsed.

However, it was L’Aquila’s modern buildings that experienced more significant damage. The earthquake-proof new wing of L’Aquila Hospital experienced extensive damage and was closed.

Approximately 40,000 people who were made homeless by the earthquake found accommodation in tented camps. In addition, 10,000 were housed in hotels on the coast.

Secondary Effects

Some effects of the earthquake occurred later and indirectly as a result of the initial earthquake itself. The secondary effects included aftershocks triggering landslides and rockfalls, causing damage to housing and transport. A landslide and mudflow were caused by a burst main water supply pipeline near the town of Paganio. The number of students at L’Aquila University has decreased since the earthquake. The lack of housing for all residents meant house prices and rents increased. Much of the city’s central business district was cordoned off due to unsafe buildings. Some ‘red zones’ still exist, which has reduced the amount of business, tourism and income.

Immediate Responses

There was a range of immediate responses . For those made homeless, hotels provided shelter for 10,000 people, and 40,000 tents were distributed. Some train carriages were used as shelters. The prime minister of Italy, Silvio Berlusconi, reportedly offered some of his homes as temporary shelters.

The Italian Red Cross was searching for survivors supported by seven dog units, 36 ambulances, and a temporary hospital within an hour. In addition, the Red Cross distributed water, hot meals, tents and blankets. The British Red Cross raised £ 171,000 in support.

Mortgages and bills for Sky TV, gas and electricity were suspended. The Italian Post Office offered free mobile calls, raised donations and gave free delivery for products sold by small businesses. L’Aquila was declared a state of emergency, which sped up international aid to the area from the EU and the USA. The EU granted US$ 552.9 million from its Solidarity Fund for major disasters to begin rebuilding L’Aquila. The Disasters Emergency Committee (DEC), a UK group, did not provide aid because it considered Italy a more developed country with the resources to offer help and the help of the EU.

Long-term Responses

Long-term responses included a torch-lit procession, which took place with a Catholic mass on the anniversary of the earthquake as an act of remembrance. Residents did not have to pay taxes during 2010. Students were given free public transport discounts on educational equipment and were exempt from university fees for three years. Homes took several years to rebuild, and historical centres are expected to take approximately 15 years to rebuild. Additionally, in October 2012, six scientists and one government official were found guilty of manslaughter as they had not predicted the earthquake. They were accused of giving residents a false sense of confidence and seriously underestimating the risks. They each received six years in prison and were ordered to pay several million euros in damages. However, in November 2014, the Italian courts overturned the verdict for the six scientists.

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IMAGES

  1. Kashmir Earthquake (GCSE Geography Revision: Case Study)

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  2. Kashmir Case Study (Earthquake) Quiz (GCSE Geography AQA A)

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  3. Kashmir earthquake case study

    kashmir earthquake case study gcse

  4. Kashmir Earthquake

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  5. Kashmir Earthquake case study

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COMMENTS

  1. AQA GCSE Geography: Kashmir Earthquake Case Study

    Learn Test Match Created by hannahvincent11 Terms in this set (9) KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE: Location Kasmir, Pakistan KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE: Date 8th October 2005 KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE: Size of Earthquake 7.6 on Richter scale KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE: Cause + Plates involved Movement along crack in plate at destructive margin- Eurasian and Indian plates

  2. Kashmir earthquake of 2005

    At least 79,000 people were killed and more than 32,000 buildings collapsed in Kashmir, with additional fatalities and destruction reported in India and Afghanistan, making it one of the most destructive earthquakes of contemporary times.

  3. Earthquake case study

    Starter You need to have a case study of the causes and impacts of an earthquake in a developing country: Massive Earthquake Hits Kashmir - 2005 | Today in History | 8 Oct 16 [8 October 2016] Activities Task Use the resources and links that can be found on this page to produce a detailed case study of the 2005 Kashmir Earthquake.

  4. Kashmir Earthquake (GCSE Geography Revision: Case Study)

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  7. When the Earth Moved Kashmir

    On October 8, 2005, a magnitude 7.6 earthquake (large circle) and a series of aftershocks (small circles) struck Kashmir near the city of Muzaffarabad, Pakistan. The earthquakes occurred along the faults (red lines) that underlie the southern margin of the Himalaya. (NASA map by Robert Simmon, using SRTM elevation data and USGS earthquake ...

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  11. The Kashmir Earthquake.

    At 08:50:38 (GMT), on the 8th October 2005, an Earthquake occurred affecting a place called Kashmir. The Earthquake registered 7.6 on the magnitude scale. It was a major Earthquake. In Pakistan itself the earthquake occurred five hours earlier due to the time difference. It was the strongest earthquake for 70 years in Pakistan or India.

  12. Kashmir Earthquake

    On the 8 th October 2005 at 9:20 Local time an earthquake occurred in Kashmir in India/Pakistan. This was a result of a collision between the Indian and the Eurasian plate. There were 80,000 deaths in Northern Pakistan and North-west India in total. This earthquake spread 1000 kilometres from the epicentre.

  13. Geography:- Case Study LEDC

    GCSE AQA Created by: Danni Kay Created on: 05-02-13 14:00 Kashmir:- Pakistan Date:- 8th October 2005 1 of 8 Kashmir:- Pakistan Size:- 7.6 on the richter scale 2 of 8 Kashmir:- Pakistan Cause:- Movement along a crack in the plate at a destructive margin. 3 of 8 Preperation:- *No local disaster planning in place.

  14. Kashmir Earthquake Case Study

    1 of 7 Physical Impacts In the 30,000km2 area that was affected, 56% of the buildings collapsed, as did over 1000 hospitals and 50% of schools Landslides occurred due to the tremors - they buried villages and cut off roads 2 high rise buildings, each containing over 60 apartments, collapsed

  15. GCSE Geography AQA Kashmir Earthquake Case Study

    GCSE Geography AQA Kashmir Earthquake Case Study LEDC earthquake case study ? Geography Natural hazards GCSE AQA Created by: katie bayliss Created on: 06-05-13 14:42 View mindmap Access mindmap features Share: Similar Geography resources: What to revise on Hazards - Geography AQA GCSE GCSE Geography GCSE Geography GCSE AQA GEOGRAPHY DEVELOPMENT

  16. Earthquake case studies

    Sichuan, China 2008 - Poor country case study. Picture. On 12th May at 14:28pm, the pressure resulting from the Indian Plate colliding with the Eurasian Plate was released along the Longmenshan fault line that runs beneath. This led to an earthquake measuring 7.9 on the Richter scale with tremors lasting 120 seconds.

  17. Tectonic Hazards Case Studies

    Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Where is Kashmir located, What was the magnitude of the Kashmir earthquake, How many died in the Kashmir Earthquake and more. ... What was the magnitude of the Kashmir earthquake, How many died in the Kashmir Earthquake and more. ... Upgrade to remove ads. Only $35.99/year ...

  18. Priestlands Geography: Kashmir Earthquake LEDC case study

    A blog to help students at GCSE revise their case studies for their exams. Use the menu to select topics from each of the four units of the course. ... Kashmir Earthquake LEDC case study When: 8.40am 8th October 2005 Where: Kashmir Magnitude: 7.6 Focus: 26km Epicentre: Muzzafarabad Lasted: 60 seconds Why: Collision plate boundary - Indo ...

  19. Kashmir earthquake case study

    At 8:50am on the 8th October 2005 a 7.6 magnitude earthquake struck the Pakistan controlled region of Kashmir. The epicentre struck 19km north north-east of Muzaffarabad, 60kmfrom Islamabad (the capital), at a depth of 26km below the surface. E c o n o m i c S o c i a l E n v i r o n m e n t Primary effects Cities like Balakot, Muzaffarabad ...

  20. Kashmir Case Study

    River Management in Toulouse - GCSE Geography Case Study. ... Earthquake LEDC case study ~ Kashmir October 2005 1. Produce a factfile about this earthquake using the information below. Organise your work with appropriate headings eg. LOCATION/RESPONSES etc. Kashmir lies at collision of Eurasian and Indian tectonic plates Occurred on a Saturday ...

  21. L'Aquila Earthquake 2009

    On 6 April 2009, a magnitude 6.3 earthquake struck L'Aquila in central Italy, killing 309 people. The main shock happened in the early morning hours at 3.32 am when most people were sleeping, extensively damaging the 13th-century city of L'Aquila, located only about 60 miles (100 km) northeast of Rome.

  22. GCSE Geography: Earthquakes with case studies (L'Aquila ...

    Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like what is an earthquake?, what is the focus?, what is the epicentre? and more. ... Upgrade to remove ads. Only $35.99/year. GCSE Geography: Earthquakes with case studies (L'Aquila, Italy and Kashmir Pakistan) Flashcards. Learn. Test. Match. Flashcards. Learn. Test. Match. Created by ...

  23. Kashmir Earthquake Case Study Gcse

    Kashmir Earthquake Case Study Gcse - Undergraduate. About Writer. ID 5683. 94. I accept. 1098 Orders prepared. Kashmir Earthquake Case Study Gcse: 100% Success rate 4240 Orders prepared. 1378 . Customer Reviews. Ying Tsai #3 in Global Rating ...