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The Real Case Of It Makes Cents

Essay by 24   •  May 14, 2011  •  550 Words (3 Pages)  •  1,428 Views

Essay Preview: The Real Case Of It Makes Cents

The Real Case of IT Makes Cents

Back Ground Company

99 Cents only Stores is America's oldest chain of one-price stores. The chain consists of 220 stores in California, Nevada, Arizona, and Texas. The business was started as single store in Los Angeles in 1984. David Gold stepped down as the company's CEO, remains active as the Chairman of the Board. And his two sons and son- in-law run the company. The Gold family owns about 35% of the company

- Low price product.

- Measure in retail industry: sale per square foot and profit margin on revenue.

- The competitor focuses on low to high income and this company too, but this company. observe that rich people is like to save. Therefore this company opens new stores in Beverly hill for new group of customer for low competitors.

- Purchase products a big lot for low price.

- Business intelligence company integrates technology into it operation and priority IT project by how much obvious return on investment.

The legacy system in the company

They use 15 fellow pickers are used to the electronic voice. It is generated by a computer that runs the distribution center's warehouse-management software. It instructs them which items to pick for individual stores. And the process do by voice and wireless (WLAN, cell phone ,walkie-talkies)

The company is never lost the money, between 1996 - 2003 when it went public the stock price climbed from $3.12 to $36.22 and now in US is a many "fixed-price store" it mean competition is fierce , In 2003 sales revenues of $862.5 million , spending on IT only $5 million , In 2004 profit was slightly less $836 million but still on IT spending was small.

The problem of the existing system

It is difficult for these chains to reorder the same items at the same low price. And the company wants to avoiding overstocks or under stocks.

The problem for improve the chain

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IT Pro 2nd Sem 2008-2009

Monday, june 16, 2014.

• Case Study 3.3: IT Makes Cents
• Is 99 Cents Only on the leading edge of IT? It is on the bleeding edge?
• What characteristics of the dollar store industry make it so important to increase efficiency?
• The company has performed better than its competitors. In terms of the eight initiatives discussed in this chapter, which initiative or initiatives has gained it the competitive advantage?
• 99 Cents Only must modify its information systems frequently? Why?
• Often, CIOs are frustrated with the time it takes senior management to support their strategic initiatives and with the difficulty of earmarking funds for such initiatives. How is 99 Cents Only different in this respect?

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And his two sons and son- in-law run the company. The Gold family owns about 35% of the company Strategic - Low price product. - Measure in retail industry: sale per square foot and profit margin on revenue. - The competitor focuses on low to high income and this company too, but this company. observe that rich people is like to save... displayed 300 characters

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observe that rich people is like to save. Therefore this company opens new stores in Beverly hill for new group of customer for low competitors. - Purchase products a big lot for low price. - Business intelligence company integrates technology into it operation and priority IT project by how much obvious return on investment... displayed 300 characters

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Eliminating 1 teaspoon of salt from diet daily makes big difference in health, study says

(CNN) - A new study shows cutting out one teaspoon of salt from your diet each day can help lower your blood pressure just as much as blood pressure medication.

Researchers at Northwestern University said the benefits of lowering the amount of sodium in a person’s diet were dramatic.

Between 70% and 75% of people studied saw a drop in their blood pressure whether they already were on medicine or not.

A teaspoon of salt is about 2,300 milligrams. That’s the top daily limit for people older than 14 years of age.

However, the American Heart Association recommends a diet with less than 1,500 milligrams of sodium each day.

The study was published Saturday in the Journal of the American Medical Association .

Copyright 2023 CNN Newsource. All rights reserved.

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• Main content

The best evidence yet that banning Airbnbs will make rent go down

On September 5, the hammer fell on Airbnb in New York City . After a series of desperate attempts by the home-sharing giant to stop the city from enforcing sweeping limitations on short-term rentals, the city passed a law that did just that. In a matter of weeks, thousands of Airbnb listings in the city — once one of the platform's largest markets — went up in smoke. Of the 3,000 or so Airbnb listings that remain in New York , down from some 22,000 in August, the vast majority are for stays of 30 days or more — the minimum number of nights required under the city's regulations.

The crackdown was a turning point. Despite legal challenges and histrionics from landlords, the city had all but vanquished short-term rentals. The thinking behind the move was fairly simple:

New York City, where the average studio apartment costs $3,016 a month, is the epicenter of the country's sweeping affordable-housing crisis . By turning Airbnbs back into long-term housing, people will have more places to lay their heads and landlords will have more competition. In theory, this should make housing in the city more affordable. 

Airbnb has long denied culpability in the country's housing crisis, but the latest evidence that New York City made the right move comes from the opposite side of the country. Irvine, California, a picturesque city of 300,000 in Orange County, banned short-term rentals back in 2018 as residents grew frustrated by increasing numbers of vacation rentals in once-quiet neighborhoods. Based on a new study published this summer in Real Estate Economics , the move had a notable impact. After Irvine's ban went into effect, long-term rents in the city dropped by 3%, according to the study, a decrease of $114 a month on average.

Irvine is a single case study, but it's also a real-world validation of years of research that's found Airbnb and its many copycats drive up rents and home prices. That might be good for property owners, but if you're worried about affordable housing, then it's worth taking a lesson from Irvine: Banning short-term rentals can, in fact, make rents go down.

The case of Irvine

When the city of Irvine took on short-term rentals in 2018, Airbnb seemed unstoppable. A decade after its founding, the company had upended the hospitality industry and was profitable for the first time in its history. Its tentacles had spread to cities across the globe, converting entire neighborhood blocks , in the most dramatic cases, to short-term rentals. "Home-sharing" had completed its metamorphosis from an idealistic, tech-enabled vision for more friendly travel into a bona fide force.

Irvine's 2018 short-term rental regulations — which barred rentals of 30 days or less in all residential areas — were hardly unprecedented. Plenty of cities had passed ordinances banning short-term rentals, only to see Airbnb listings continue to pop up. But as Michael Seiler, a professor of finance at the College of William & Mary and one of the researchers who worked on the new study, explained to me, Irvine was able to succeed in actually getting rid of Airbnbs for one reason: enforcement.

"What is so different about Irvine is that they did not just put a ban in place," Seiler said. "They actually enforced it."

It has long been the law in the state of New York, for instance, that residential apartments cannot be rented out for less than 30 days, except under very limited circumstances. For a decade, Airbnb hosts simply refused to heed this law. Why? It was extremely difficult to enforce. The thousands of Airbnb listings that evaporated overnight in September had always been illegal but managed to survive because they were "legitimized by this multibillion-dollar internet platform," said Murray Cox, the founder of Inside Airbnb, a project that examines Airbnb's impact on cities. New York City had just finally figured out a way to lay down the law: It established a registration process for short-term rentals and barred Airbnb and other platforms from advertising rentals that hadn't been registered with the city first.

Given these incentives, it would take a strict ban to convert the unit back to a long-term rental. Why else would the landlord take such a loss?

In Irvine, it took about a year for the city to figure out how to root out the short-term rentals that had taken hold in its sunny, master-planned neighborhoods. The city had to hire a specialized property-tech firm to identify and locate illegal short-term rentals in order to enforce the ban. Even so, some landlords devised clever ways to get around the city's regulations, like offering 30-day leases that, if you looked at the fine print, could be canceled at any time, allowing for a weekend stay. "It took some detective work," said Ken Fairbanks, a board member of a homeowner's association in Irvine who used to frequently investigate complaints of Airbnbs in his own neighborhood. But now, Fairbanks said his neighborhood is Airbnb-free. That's consistent with data on short-term rentals in Irvine, which showed that by January 2021, the number of listings in Irvine had halved.

When researchers investigated the effect of the sudden disappearance of short-term rentals in Irvine, they identified a striking result: Within two years of the ban, long-term rents decreased significantly. They estimated that the roughly 60,000 rental units in the city saw a 3% rent decrease on average, which "sums up to a reduction of $80.7 million in annual total rental spending." The strength of the evidence led the researchers to conclude that the findings "provide local governments with empirical evidence that STR regulation policies could be helpful in reducing rents in cities."

'People were living there before'

While the Irvine study showed that Airbnb bans can successfully drive down rents, numerous studies have shown the other side of the coin: When short-term rentals come to town, rents go up. A 2020 study on short-term rentals in Berlin found that apartments listed on Airbnb increased the rents of nearby units . A 2017 study in Boston came to a similar conclusion . Other studies have documented these impacts on rents nationwide, including research from 2021 that estimated that Airbnb listings accounted for one-fifth of rent growth in ZIP codes with a median share of people who own and occupy their home. 

When you consider the law of supply and demand, these findings make sense. When supply of a commodity drops but demand stays the same, the price of that commodity will rise. That's what Airbnb does to the housing supply. As the Berlin and Boston studies found, when houses or apartments are pulled off the long-term market to be used as short-term rentals, housing supply decreases. But actual residents still need a place to live, so they are forced to fight over — and pay up — for the more limited housing stock. The Irvine researchers figured that rents dropped after the local ban because when the landlords put their Airbnbs back on the market as long-term rentals, there was more housing supply. Suddenly, the landlords had to compete for tenants, making it harder for them to jack up rents. The Irvine study found little evidence for alternative theories, such as the notion that the Airbnb ban hurt the local economy by reducing tourism, thus displacing tenants and lowering demand for rentals.

It is "common sense," according to Cox. "It's not some abstract commodity," he said of short-term rentals. "People were living there before."

When I was a local reporter in Burlington, Vermont — where I covered the city's desperate housing crisis — I lived in an apartment in a shabby old building downtown, which I rented out for $1,300 a month. Shortly after I moved out, in June 2021, the unit was renovated, filled with the ugliest Ikea furnishings I'd ever seen, and converted to an Airbnb , where it goes for nearly $300 a night when you include the tricky "cleaning fee ." If you do the math, that apartment is far more profitable for the landlord as a short-term rental — even considering the cost of the cosmetic upgrades. The unit likely rakes in thousands more dollars a month than what I once paid in rent. Given these incentives, it would, I'd surmise, take a strict ban to convert the unit back to a long-term rental. Why else would the landlord take such a loss?

To address these adverse incentives, some places, like Summit County in Colorado, have started paying landlords to convert short-term rentals into long-term housing. In the short term, programs like this could help bring back housing. But it's costly — and likely unsustainable — for cities to indefinitely pay the difference between long- and short-term tenants. In Summit County, the program spent $1.65 million over two years on just 87 units.

A desperate need for housing

If you paid attention to the discourse around New York's Local Law 18, you probably noticed the plethora of arguments that were made in opposition to the ban: Some said Airbnbs were not an important factor in the city's housing crisis. Others argued the units would just sit empty if they weren't used for Airbnbs, or they would benefit only higher-income renters, not tenants in need of affordable housing. In its lawsuit against the city, Airbnb claimed that the ban would "exacerbate the very problem of housing availability and affordability" by increasing hotel development.

When asked to comment on Airbnb's impact on housing affordability, a representative of the company said: "There are a number of complex factors driving today's housing affordability crisis — from growing income inequality, to decades of exclusionary zoning, and even changing location preferences post-pandemic, including the rise of remote working from home — but many experts agree the primary driver of the affordability crisis is chronic underproduction of housing, not short-term rentals. Unfortunately, short-term rentals, which in most cities make up a tiny portion of local housing stock, have become a convenient but misguided scapegoat for a housing crisis that started long before the founding of Airbnb."

The spokesperson added that in New York City, "there is no evidence the new rules will help alleviate the City's housing affordability issues," pointing to a statement from a former deputy mayor for housing, Alicia Glen, that she hadn't seen evidence that short-term rentals had a significant impact on the housing crisis.

Housing is a critical need, and we should be doing everything we can to create more.

Based on the research conducted in Irvine and elsewhere, it does appear that banning short-term rentals has a more significant effect on the availability of higher-quality, less affordable housing — housing, in other words, that's more likely to be turned into an Airbnb. But that doesn't mean the bans don't benefit low-income renters, too. Increasing the housing supply for higher-income renters can help reduce pressure on rental costs for low-income renters, which is "helpful and healthy for the overall housing market," according to Sarah Saadian, the senior vice president of policy and field organizing at the National Low-Income Housing Coalition. 

And that's particularly true, she said, "if I'm looking at a place like New York City, where there's a tremendous need for housing at all income levels." 

It's also worth noting the significant disparities in the US between homeowners and renters. People who own property, particularly those who own more than one property, are disproportionately white , for instance. And renters in the US are more likely to be people of color, have a lower income, and be otherwise disadvantaged. Short-term rentals only exacerbate these inequalities by driving up rents and putting the profits in the hands of property owners. Increasing housing supply and pushing rents down, on the other hand, can help vulnerable renters.

Of course, banning Airbnb is not a panacea for our country's devastating lack of affordable housing. The country still has a severe housing shortage — research estimates that the US needs as many as 6 million new units to truly bring the market back into balance. It's also true that, depending on the given housing market, such a ban might have only a marginal impact on housing costs. That doesn't mean that it's not worth doing. Housing is a critical need, and we should be doing everything we can to create more.

"If we wait for just the one solution that will solve all problems, we're not going to make any progress," Saadian argued. 

Katya Schwenk is a journalist based in Phoenix, Arizona. She has written for publications including The Intercept, The Baffler, and Truthout, and is currently a fellow at The Lever.

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Through our Discourse journalism, Insider seeks to explore and illuminate the day’s most fascinating issues and ideas. Our writers provide thought-provoking perspectives, informed by analysis, reporting, and expertise. Read more Discourse stories here .

ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Place attachment among rural migrants and returnees: case of shuangfeng county, china.

• 1 Chiba University, Japan

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

In the mobile era, place attachment among rural migrants and returnees has become dynamic and diversified. However, research on place attachment to native place among rural migrants and returnees is limited. The focus of previous research has primarily been on the destination place attachment of rural migrants, which makes it difficult to gain a comprehensive understanding of the place attachment among both rural migrants and returnees. This study aims to investigate the state of place attachment to both native and destination places among rural migrants and returnees originating from the same birthplace. It explores their place attachment after migrating from rural areas to cities. A quantitative research approach was adopted, garnering questionnaire responses from 274 rural migrants and returnees, all born in Shuangfeng County, Hunan Province. The questionnaire encompassed a Likert scale for measuring place attachment, as well as sociodemographic statistical information. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted to ascertain the reliability and validity of the questionnaire. Based on the factor scores of place attachment to both places from migrants and returnees, a two-step cluster analysis identified three types of migrants and two types of returnees. Chi-square tests revealed significant differences among migrants in terms of property ownership, educational level, marital status, presence of children, age at departure, and time away from hometown. The study discovered that, regardless of being a migrant or returnee, the overall attachment to hometown was stronger than that to the current or previously inhabited city. In the context of existing literature primarily concerned with the integration of rural migrants into urban areas, this paper offers a fresh research perspective, highlighting the significance of emotional ties to one's hometown for rural migrants. The findings of this paper provide direction and a theoretical basis for rural areas to attract return migration and for urban regions to facilitate the integration of migrants.

Keywords: Native and destination place 1, Rural area 2, Migrants and returnees 3, Place attachment4, Rootness5, Rural sustainability 6, Urbanization 7, Typology 8，

Received: 18 Aug 2023; Accepted: 13 Nov 2023.

Copyright: © 2023 Lei, Yingming and Takeshi. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence: Prof. Kinoshita Takeshi, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan

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 Mindfulness meditation can help cure the teen mental health crisis, research shows

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In a paper published in Nature Mental Health , Northeastern psychology professor Susan Whitfield-Gabrieli advises policy makers to consider turning to the low-cost, readily available practice of mindfulness meditation to change brain activity associated with mental illness.

“We wanted to show that lifestyle changes and behavioral interventions such as mindfulness meditation and exercise actually target the same (brain) network as quite invasive therapies such as deep brain stimulation, electroshock therapy and treatment with SSRIs,” she says.

“And they do ways that typically don’t have any negative side effects and are equitable in the sense that people can do them anywhere, anytime,” says Whitfield-Gabrieli, whose EPIC Lab at Northeastern world to understand the brain basis of psychiatric disorders. 

The adolescent mental health crisis

The mental health crisis is particularly acute when it comes to youth, she says.

U.S. Surgeon General Vivek Murthy issued a rare warning in December 2021 that today’s young people are facing “unprecedented” challenges that have had a “devastating” effect on their mental health.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s 10-year youth risk surveillance report , released in February, painted a stark picture of adolescent depression. It says that in 2021, 42% of students felt “persistently sad or hopeless,” and 10% had attempted suicide.

Mental Health America, a nonprofit organization, says in a 2023 publication that 16.39% of young people ages 12 to 17 reported suffering from at least one major depressive episode in the past year.

“Even before COVID, there was an increase in self harm and suicidal ideation,” Whitfield-Gabrieli says.

That doesn’t mean sufferers are getting help. Mental Health America says that in 2023, “59.8% of youth with major depression did not receive any mental health treatment.”

“Accessing therapy is very, very difficult,” Whitfield-Gabrieli says.  

The good news is that mindfulness meditation and exercise can make a big difference in teen mental health, she says.

What’s a default mode network

Whitfield-Gabrieli says the practices work by calming a region of the brain known as the default mode network, which was first identified via neural imaging.

It is “most engaged when we’re thinking about ourselves or daydreaming,” she says, adding people can also think of it as “mental time travel.”

Overactivation of the default mode network, however, may cause problems with daily functioning, Whitfield-Gabrieli says. That’s when it becomes associated with decreases in executive function, negative thought patterns and, in severe cases, psychosis.

Reminiscing becomes rumination and planning for the future turns to anxiety, she says.

“We have a hypothesis that the overactivity or the hyper connectivity or activation of this network is specifically related to psychopathology,” Whitfield-Gabrieli says.

It can lead to a “locked in” and “self referential” state of being “where you get into repetitive, negative thinking,” she says.

“It can be rehashing the past or it could be obsessively worrying about the future, but you get locked into this mode of repetitive, negative thinking.”

Stopping the spiral of negativity

“The way mindfulness meditation works is it forces you to focus on the present,” Whitfield-Gabrieli says.

She has used fMRI neurofeedback in her lab to illustrate the decrease in default mode network activity in teens using mindfulness meditation.

“We do that with teens with depression and anxiety and psychosis to help them see how they’re actually modulating the networks,” Whitfield-Gabrieli says.

Her paper says that other treatments such as antidepressants, ketamine and transcranial magnetic stimulation also have been shown to reduce default mode network connectivity.

But behavioral interventions such as mindfulness meditation and exercise are of particular interest “because they are scalable and suitable for early intervention and even prevention of mental illness in youth at measurable risk for developing psychiatric disorders,” the article in Nature Mental Health, published Oct. 5, says.

“These are behavioral interventions people can do any time, anywhere,” Whitfield-Gabrieli says.

Lessons for policy makers and schools

Increasing exercise and decreasing social media use may also help calm the default mode network associated with mental distress and are areas ripe for further study, Whitfield-Gabrieli says.

In the meantime, she says policy makers should consider having mindfulness meditation incorporated as part of the school day as early as preschool.

“We’ve actually done a randomized clinical trial in sixth grade charter schools that shows by doing mindfulness meditation as a regular 45-minute class that we can significantly reduce self-perceived stress.”

“It’s a very protective mechanism,” she says. “We should catch these kids before they fall.”

Cynthia McCormick Hibbert is a Northeastern Global News reporter. Email her at c.hibber[email protected] or contact her on X/Twitter @HibbertCynthia .

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Chatbots May ‘Hallucinate’ More Often Than Many Realize

When summarizing facts, ChatGPT technology makes things up about 3 percent of the time, according to research from a new start-up. A Google system’s rate was 27 percent.

Amr Awadallah, the chief executive of Vectara, warns that its chatbot software doesn’t always tell the truth. Credit... Cayce Clifford for The New York Times

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By Cade Metz

Cade Metz has been watching chatbots hallucinate since 2017.

• Published Nov. 6, 2023 Updated Nov. 8, 2023

When the San Francisco start-up OpenAI unveiled its ChatGPT online chatbot late last year , millions were wowed by the humanlike way it answered questions, wrote poetry and discussed almost any topic. But most people were slow to realize that this new kind of chatbot often makes things up .

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When Google introduced a similar chatbot several weeks later, it spewed nonsense about the James Webb telescope . The next day, Microsoft’s new Bing chatbot offered up all sorts of bogus information about the Gap, Mexican nightlife and the singer Billie Eilish. Then, in March, ChatGPT cited a half dozen fake court cases while writing a 10-page legal brief that a lawyer submitted to a federal judge in Manhattan.

Now a new start-up called Vectara, founded by former Google employees, is trying to figure out how often chatbots veer from the truth. The company’s research estimates that even in situations designed to prevent it from happening, chatbots invent information at least 3 percent of the time — and as high as 27 percent.

Experts call this chatbot behavior “hallucination.” It may not be a problem for people tinkering with chatbots on their personal computers, but it is a serious issue for anyone using this technology with court documents, medical information or sensitive business data.

Because these chatbots can respond to almost any request in an unlimited number of ways, there is no way of definitively determining how often they hallucinate. “You would have to look at all of the world’s information,” said Simon Hughes, the Vectara researcher who led the project.

Dr. Hughes and his team asked these systems to perform a single, straightforward task that is readily verified: Summarize news articles. Even then, the chatbots persistently invented information.

“We gave the system 10 to 20 facts and asked for a summary of those facts,” said Amr Awadallah, the chief executive of Vectara and a former Google executive. “That the system can still introduce errors is a fundamental problem.”

The researchers argue that when these chatbots perform other tasks — beyond mere summarization — hallucination rates may be higher.

Their research also showed that hallucination rates vary widely among the leading A.I. companies. OpenAI’s technologies had the lowest rate, around 3 percent. Systems from Meta, which owns Facebook and Instagram, hovered around 5 percent. The Claude 2 system offered by Anthropic, an OpenAI rival also based in San Francisco, topped 8 percent. A Google system, Palm chat, had the highest rate at 27 percent.

An Anthropic spokeswoman, Sally Aldous, said, “Making our systems helpful, honest and harmless, which includes avoiding hallucinations, is one of our core goals as a company.”

Google declined to comment, and OpenAI and Meta did not immediately respond to requests for comment.

With this research, Dr. Hughes and Mr. Awadallah want to show people that they must be wary of information that comes from chatbots and even the service that Vectara sells to businesses. Many companies are now offering this kind of technology for business use.

Based in Palo Alto, Calif., Vectara is a 30-person start-up backed by $28.5 million in seed funding. One of its founders, Amin Ahmad, a former Google artificial intelligence researcher, has been working with this kind of technology since 2017, when it was incubated inside Google and a handful of other companies.

Much as Microsoft’s Bing search chatbot can retrieve information from the open internet, Vectara’s service can retrieve information from a company’s private collection of emails, documents and other files.

The researchers also hope that their methods — which they are sharing publicly and will continue to update — will help spur efforts across the industry to reduce hallucinations. OpenAI, Google and others are working to minimize the issue through a variety of techniques, though it is not clear whether they can eliminate the problem.

“A good analogy is a self-driving car,” said Philippe Laban, a researcher at Salesforce who has long explored this kind of technology. “You cannot keep a self-driving car from crashing. But you can try to make sure it is safer than a human driver.”

Chatbots like ChatGPT are driven by a technology called a large language model , or L.L.M., which learns its skills by analyzing enormous amounts of digital text, including books, Wikipedia articles and online chat logs. By pinpointing patterns in all that data, an L.L.M. learns to do one thing in particular: guess the next word in a sequence of words .

Because the internet is filled with untruthful information, these systems repeat the same untruths. They also rely on probabilities: What is the mathematical chance that the next word is “playwright”? From time to time, they guess incorrectly.

The new research from Vectara shows how this can happen. In summarizing news articles, chatbots do not repeat untruths from other parts of the internet. They just get the summarization wrong.

For example, the researchers asked Google’s large language model, Palm chat, to summarize this short passage from a news article:

The plants were found during the search of a warehouse near Ashbourne on Saturday morning. Police said they were in “an elaborate grow house.” A man in his late 40s was arrested at the scene.

It gave this summary, completely inventing a value for the plants the man was growing and assuming — perhaps incorrectly — that they were cannabis plants:

Police have arrested a man in his late 40s after cannabis plants worth an estimated £100,000 were found in a warehouse near Ashbourne.

This phenomenon also shows why a tool like Microsoft’s Bing chatbot can get things wrong as it retrieves information from the internet. If you ask the chatbot a question, it can call Microsoft’s Bing search engine and run an internet search. But it has no way of pinpointing the right answer. It grabs the results of that internet search and summarizes them for you.

Sometimes, this summary is very flawed. Some bots will cite internet addresses that are entirely made up.

Companies like OpenAI, Google and Microsoft have developed ways to improve the accuracy of their technologies. OpenAI, for example, tries to refine its technology with feedback from human testers, who rate the chatbot’s responses, separating useful and truthful answers from those that are not. Then, using a technique called reinforcement learning, the system spends weeks analyzing the ratings to better understand what it is fact and what is fiction.

But researchers warn that chatbot hallucination is not an easy problem to solve. Because chatbots learn from patterns in data and operate according to probabilities, they behave in unwanted ways at least some of the time.

To determine how often the chatbots hallucinated when summarizing news articles, Vectara’s researchers used another large language model to check the accuracy of each summary. That was the only way of efficiently checking such a huge number of summaries.

But James Zou, a Stanford computer science professor, said this method came with a caveat. The language model doing the checking can also make mistakes.

“The hallucination detector could be fooled — or hallucinate itself,” he said.

Audio produced by Kate Winslett .

Cade Metz is a technology reporter and the author of “Genius Makers: The Mavericks Who Brought A.I. to Google, Facebook, and The World.” He covers artificial intelligence, driverless cars, robotics, virtual reality and other emerging areas. More about Cade Metz

Explore Our Coverage of Artificial Intelligence

Latest News

Research from Vectara, a new start-up founded by former Google employees, estimates that chatbots invent information at least 3% of the time — and as high as 27% . Experts call this chatbot behavior “hallucination.”

Rishi Sunak, the prime minister of Britain, hosted dozens of government leaders, tech executives and other experts  as part of the A.I. Safety Summit he organized to discuss the dangers of the technology.

President Biden signed a far-reaching executive order  on A.I. that imposes new rules on companies and directs federal agencies to begin putting guardrails around the technology.

The Age of A.I.

The F.D.A. has approved many new medical products that use A.I., but doctors remain skeptical of these tools .

A nonprofit led by a respected computer scientist is trying to democratize A.I. by building a freely available alternative  to those offered by the likes of Google and OpenAI.

OpenAI now lets outside businesses and independent developers tweak what its chatbot does. A new paper says that can lead to trouble .

Advances in A.I. are offering new ways for bad actors to misappropriate online content of children. That is posing new risks for parents posting about their children on social media .

Researchers at Anthropic asked roughly 1,000 Americans to write rules for their chatbot. The results could be a model for future kinds of A.I. governance .

Leading A.I. researchers are transforming chatbots into a new kind of autonomous system called an A.I. agent  that can play games, query websites, schedule meetings and build bar charts.

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